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Additionally, the model demonstrated high performance with an area under the curve of 0.9818 on the receiver operating characteristic curve. These results underscore the potential utility of CNNs for providing an objective pain assessment in clinical settings. However, the study acknowledges limitations, including a small sample size, the need for external validation, and ethical considerations. Future research should focus on expanding the dataset, conducting external validation, refining model architectures, and addressing ethical considerations to enhance performance and applicability. 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