{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:34:13Z","timestamp":1791873253513,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing due to the rising prevalence of metabolic diseases. However, the epidemiological characteristics of CKD in women and its epidemiological association with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021, this research used Joinpoint regression analysis to identify the global trends of CKD in women. A comprehensive assessment of CKD burden in women was conducted across multiple dimensions, such as age stratification, five CKD subtypes, sociodemographic index, decomposition analysis, risk factors, and CVD attributable to kidney function impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, the global number of women with CKD reached 359 million, an increase of 90.65% compared to 1990, with the absolute number of diabetic kidney disease cases nearly doubling. Nearly two-thirds of patients were postmenopausal women, and their age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rate had significantly increased to 64.03 and 1493.31 per 100,000, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rate among women of reproductive age demonstrated a continuous upward trend (average annual percentage change, 0.13%). Regionally, the age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized DALY rate of women with CKD were highest in the regions with low and low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI), while the age-standardized prevalence rate was highest in low-middle SDI regions. Metabolic risk factors constituted the main attributable risk factors for CKD in women, with risks owing to high fasting glucose and high body mass index rapidly increasing among women of reproductive age (by 40.66% and 112.17%, respectively). CVD attributable to kidney function impairment accounted for 18.19 million DALYs, representing 46.70% of the total disease burden, with ischemic heart disease being the main contributor. Population growth (58.63%) and aging (26.64%) were the main drivers of the increasing burden of CKD in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the future, women will face severe metabolic\u2013renal\u2013cardiac health challenges related to metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000004100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:09:27Z","timestamp":1783346967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic kidney disease in women: Global trends and metabolic-cardiovascular associations"],"prefix":"10.1097","author":[{"given":"Chongbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Multi-organ Injury Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China"},{"name":"Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Intelligent Management of Chronic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zurong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases & Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases & Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Intelligent Management of Chronic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260706","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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