{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T13:56:52Z","timestamp":1761400612893},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Monomelic amyotrophy of the upper limb or Hirayama disease is mostly considered as an anterior horn disorder resulting from local ischemia, triggered by arterial compression from an anterior shifting of the posterior cervical dura upon neck flexion. However, such a dural shifting is not universally seen. We report on a Caucasian male patient who developed a slowly progressive unilateral distal hand weakness in his teens. His clinical and electromyographic findings were consistent with Hirayama disease. Local anterior cervical cord atrophy was observed without dural shifting on the dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Axial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signal changes of \u201csnake-eye\u201d appearance in the cervical anterior horn region, similar to ischemic myelopathies caused by various etiologies. This case illustrated that even without dural shifting, a mechanism of anterior spinal cord ischemia could still be responsible for the pathogenesis of Hirayama disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/cnd.0b013e3182461afc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T11:50:46Z","timestamp":1337773846000},"page":"234-239","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Case of Monomelic Amyotrophy of the Upper Limb"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuebing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Remmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.283","article-title":"Juvenile muscular atrophy of distal upper extremity (Hirayama disease).","volume":"39","author":"Hirayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"R2-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa5364","article-title":"Bilaterally symmetric form of Hirayama disease.","volume":"72","author":"Pradhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R3-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050514","article-title":". MRI findings in Hirayamas disease: flexion-induced cervical myelopathy or intrinsic motor neuron disease.","volume":"246","author":"Schroder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R4-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00074.x","article-title":". Juvenile asymmetric segmental spinal muscular atrophy (Hirayamas disease): three cases without evidence of flexion myelopathy.","volume":"104","author":"Willeit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R5-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0987-1","article-title":". Hirayama disease: three cases assessed by F wave, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging not supporting flexion myelopathy.","volume":"29","author":"Ammendola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R6-8-20240808","first-page":"412","article-title":". A mechanism of juvenile muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm (Hirayamas disease)flexion myelopathy with tight dural canal in flexion.","volume":"27","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"R7-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00451-5","article-title":". Disproportion theory of the cervical spine and spinal cord in patients with juvenile cervical flexion myelopathy. A study comparing cervical magnetic resonance images with those of normal controls.","volume":"50","author":"Kohno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"R9-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21307","article-title":". Spinal angiography and epidural venography in juvenile muscular atrophy of the distal arm Hirayama disease.","volume":"40","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R10-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-010-0405-3","article-title":". Angiographically proven cervical venous engorgement: a possible concurrent cause in the pathophysiology of Hirayamas myelopathy.","volume":"31","author":"Ciceri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R11-8-20240808","first-page":"365","article-title":". Hirayama disease: MR diagnosis.","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R12-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.10.1922","article-title":"Cervical dural sac and spinal cord in juvenile muscular atrophy of distal upper extremity.","volume":"54","author":"Hirayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R13-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20980","article-title":". A clinical study of Hirayama disease in Taiwan.","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R14-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.25.1.0045","article-title":"Effects of mechanical stresses on the spinal cord in cervical spondylosis. A study on fresh cadaver material.","volume":"25","author":"Breig","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R15-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2169\/naika.78.674","article-title":". An autopsy case of juvenile muscular atrophy of unilateral upper extremity (Hirayamas disease).","volume":"78","author":"Araki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R16-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2000.00305.x","article-title":"Juvenile muscular atrophy of distal upper extremity (Hirayama disease): focal cervical ischemic poliomyelopathy.","volume":"20","author":"Hirayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"R17-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.SPINE09431","article-title":". 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Superoxide dismutase 1 genotype and activity.","volume":"54","author":"Robberecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R20-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00296-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile asymmetric segmental spinal muscular atrophy.","volume":"146","author":"Pradhan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R21-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.6.2122684","article-title":". Spinal cord ischemia after resection of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: MR findings in 24 patients.","volume":"155","author":"Mawad","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R22-8-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.8.1742","article-title":". 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