{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:36:48Z","timestamp":1782765408689,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis is the most common chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are found in at least 80% of patients with generalized myasthenia and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Thymic abnormalities are frequently found in seropositive patients, and the thymus is thought to be involved in generation of autoimmunity. This article reviews existing literature on the role of AChR antibodies in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, and the correlation between AChR antibody titers and thymic pathology. Most studies found that highest titers are seen in thymic hyperplasia, followed by intermediate titers in thymoma, and lowest titers in atrophic or normal thymus. One publication found no difference between titers in thymoma and normal thymus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/cnd.0b013e31828a0090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T18:43:51Z","timestamp":1369334631000},"page":"209-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Correlation Between Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Levels and Thymic Pathology in Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"GZ","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YL","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20240808","first-page":"35","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in Singapore.","volume":"8","author":"Au","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol J Southeast Asia"},{"key":"R2-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903518073","article-title":". The auto-antigen repertoire in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"43","author":"Vrolix","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"R3-9-20240808","first-page":"467","article-title":"Berrih-aknin S, et al..","volume":"44","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2011","journal-title":"The thymus in myasthenia gravis: site of innate autoimmunity Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R4-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nri916","article-title":"Unravelling the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R5-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","article-title":". Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value.","volume":"26","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R6-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","article-title":". Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies.","volume":"7","author":"Hoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R8-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00226-5","article-title":"In myasthenia gravis, clinical and immunological improvement post-thymectomy segregate with results of in vitro antibody secretion by immunocytes.","volume":"202","author":"Katzberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R9-9-20240808","first-page":"137","article-title":". Acetylcholine receptor antibody synthesis in lymphocyte cultures.","volume":"5","author":"McLachlan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Immunol"},{"key":"R10-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0001","article-title":"The thymus and the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.","volume":"78","author":"Levinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"R11-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(88)90067-4","article-title":". Myasthenia gravis thymus: clinical, histological and culture correlations.","volume":"1","author":"Schluep","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"R12-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51282.x","article-title":". The role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis: immunohistological and immunological studies in 115 cases.","volume":"505","author":"Berrih-Aknin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R13-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1966.tb45497.x","article-title":"The pathology of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"135","author":"Castleman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R14-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.5.496","article-title":"Clinical implementation of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies.","volume":"56","author":"Somnier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-007-0185-8","article-title":". Immunological function of thymoma and pathogenesis of paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis.","volume":"56","author":"Okumura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R16-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880090505","article-title":"Antimuscle and antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"9","author":"Penn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R17-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.4.520","article-title":"Diagnosis of thymoma in myasthenics using anti-striated muscle antibodies.","volume":"41","author":"Lanska","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R18-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90132-I","article-title":". Antibodies to skeletal muscle in myasthenia gravis. Part 1. Diagnostic value for the detection of thymoma.","volume":"119","author":"Kuks","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R19-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4710","article-title":". Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"91","author":"Machens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R20-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406756101","article-title":". Pleiotropic effects of the 8.1 HLA haplotype in patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis and thymus hyperplasia.","volume":"101","author":"Vandiedonck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R21-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.02.004","article-title":". Association of HLA-A in autoimmune myasthenia gravis with thymoma.","volume":"210","author":"Vandiedonck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R22-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.08.023","article-title":". The association of HLA-DQA10401 and DQB10604 with thymomatous myasthenia gravis in northern Chinese patients.","volume":"312","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R23-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90021-P","article-title":". Identification of genomic typing non-DR3 HLA class II genes associated myasthenia gravis.","volume":"47","author":"Vieira","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R25-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03442.x","article-title":". Expression of autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and T regulatory cells in human thymomas.","volume":"149","author":"Scarpino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R26-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220205","article-title":". Acetylcholine receptors in human thymic myoid cells in situ: an immunohistological study.","volume":"22","author":"Schluep","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R27-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00038-3","article-title":". Thymic myoid cells and germinal center formation in myasthenia gravis; possible roles in pathogenesis.","volume":"125","author":"Roxanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R28-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915728","article-title":"In vitro anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody synthesis by myasthenia gravis patient lymphocytes: correlations with thymic histology and thymic epithelial-cell interactions.","volume":"7","author":"Safar","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R29-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3900","article-title":". Functional defect of regulatory CD4()CD25 T cells in the thymus of patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis.","volume":"105","author":"Balandina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R30-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903563491","article-title":". Thymic remodeling associated with hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"43","author":"Le Panse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"R31-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.07.007","article-title":". Heterogeneity of immunopathological features of AChRMuSK autoantibody-negative myasthenia gravis.","volume":"189","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R32-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1935","article-title":". Somatic hypermutation and selection of B cells in thymic germinal centers responding to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"167","author":"Sims","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R33-9-20240808","first-page":"474512","article-title":"Thymoma in myasthenia gravis: from diagnosis to treatment.","volume":"2011","author":"Romi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"R34-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112069","article-title":". Thymoma epithelial cells secrete thymic hormone but do not express class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex.","volume":"76","author":"Savino","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R35-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2004.09.009","article-title":"Aire: an update.","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"R36-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1182","article-title":". Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: production by lymphocytes from thymus or thymoma.","volume":"34","author":"Fuji","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R37-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000212371","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies.","volume":"26","author":"Meriggioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R38-9-20240808","first-page":"213092","article-title":". Inflammation and Epstein-Barr virus infection are common features of myasthenia gravis thymus: possible roles in pathogenesis.","volume":"2011","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"R39-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7d884","article-title":". Detection of poliovirus-infected macrophages in thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis.","volume":"74","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R40-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590802588831","article-title":". A comparison of long-term post-thymectomy outcome of anti-AChR-positive, anti-AChR-negative and anti-MuSK-positive patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis.","volume":"9","author":"Ponseti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"R41-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492311433189","article-title":". Thymoma and myasthenia gravis: clinical aspects and prognosis.","volume":"20","author":"Vachlas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann"},{"key":"R42-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-002-0037-x","article-title":"Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.","volume":"4","author":"Gronseth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"R43-9-20240808","first-page":"880","article-title":"International project-MGTX study in Japanese.","volume":"47","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"R44-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903541208","article-title":"Diagnostic use of autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"43","author":"Leite","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"R45-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0033","article-title":"Autoimmune channelopathies.","volume":"1","author":"Buckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"R46-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2008.11.020","article-title":"Antibodies in myasthenia gravis in French.","volume":"165","author":"Eymard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"R47-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90095-3","article-title":". Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Part 1. Relation to clinical parameters in 250 patients.","volume":"58","author":"Limburg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R48-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb33741.x","article-title":"Humoral immunity in myasthenia gravis: clinical correlations of anti-receptor antibody avidity and titer.","volume":"377","author":"Tindall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R49-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn092","article-title":". IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in seronegative myasthenia gravis.","volume":"131","author":"Leite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R50-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.437","article-title":". Presence and pathogenic relevance of antibodies to clustered acetylcholine receptor in ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis.","volume":"69","author":"Jacob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R51-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302705","article-title":". Antibodies against the main immunogenic region of the acetylcholine receptor correlate with disease severity in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"83","author":"Masuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R52-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(84)90065-1","article-title":". A practical enzyme immunoassay for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"6","author":"Furukawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R53-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199707)20:7<800::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":". Detection of antibody classes and subpopulations in myasthenia gravis patients using a new nonradioactive enzyme immunoassay.","volume":"20","author":"Gotti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R54-9-20240808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22006","article-title":"Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts.","volume":"44","author":"Guptill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00131402-201306000-00009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T23:11:27Z","timestamp":1723158687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00131402-201306000-00009"}},"subtitle":["A Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cnd.0b013e31828a0090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-0443","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}}}