{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:29:28Z","timestamp":1790458168958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease has infected nearly 600 million people, resulting in &gt; 6 million deaths, with many of them dying from cardiovascular diseases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is caused by a combination of the virus surface spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition to being highly expressed in the lungs, ACE2 is widely distributed in the heart, mainly in myocardial cells and pericytes. Like other types of viruses, SARS-CoV-2 can cause myocarditis after infecting the myocardial tissue, which is attributed to the direct damage of the virus and uncontrolled inflammatory reactions. Patients with chest tightness, palpitation, abnormal electrocardiogram, and cardiac troponin elevation, should be suspected of myocarditis within 1\u20133 weeks of COVID-19 infection. When the hemodynamics change rapidly, fulminant myocarditis should be suspected. Cardiac ultrasound, myocardial biopsy, cytokine detection, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, and other examination methods can assist in the diagnosis. Although scientists and clinicians have made concerted efforts to seek treatment and prevention measures, there are no clear recommendations for the treatment of COVID-19-related myocarditis. For most cases of common myocarditis, general symptomatic and supportive treatments are used. For COVID-19-related fulminant myocarditis, it is emphasized to achieve \u201cearly identification, early diagnosis, early prediction, and early treatment\u201d based on the \u201clife support-based comprehensive treatment regimen.\u201d Mechanical circulatory support therapy can rest the heart, which is a cure for symptoms, and immune regulation therapy can control the inflammatory storms which is a cure for the disease. Furthermore, complications of COVID-19-related myocarditis, such as arrhythmia, thrombosis, and infection, should be actively treated. Herein, we summarized the incidence rate, manifestations, and diagnosis of COVID-19-related myocarditis and discussed in detail the treatment of COVID-19-related myocarditis, especially the treatment strategy of fulminant myocarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/cp9.0000000000000046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T13:17:55Z","timestamp":1681737475000},"page":"72-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Understanding COVID-19-related myocarditis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review.","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R2-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587269","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R3-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell 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