{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:39:06Z","timestamp":1787009946285,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dev Behav Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiological studies of Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD) in China are still limited. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidities of Chinese DD in Guangzhou, a city in South China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1661 students from second to fifth grades were recruited. The dyslexic students were identified by evaluating learning disability through the Pupil Rating Scale\u2013Revised Screening for Learning Disability (PRS) scale by the head teachers and word recognition through the standard test. Students with a PRS score of &lt;65 received the Raven\u2019s test, and those with intelligence quotient scores below 80 in the Raven\u2019s test were excluded. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire completed by parents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence rate of Chinese DD was 4.9% in Guangzhou city. There were significant differences in gender, the paternal educational level, and reading experience before the age of 6 years between the DD group and the non-DD group. Male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 4.17), low paternal educational level (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.045), and lack of reading experience before the age of 6 years (OR = 1.99) were the risk factors for DD. The DD cases had a higher risk of hyperactivity and inattention (OR = 3.21).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that the prevalence rate of DD was 4.9% in Guangzhou city. Male gender, low paternal educational level, and lack of reading experience before the age of 6 years were the risk factors for Chinese DD. The high comorbidity rate of hyperactivity and inattention in the Chinese DD population needs further evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/dbp.0000000000000751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T02:08:33Z","timestamp":1574647713000},"page":"203-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["An Epidemiological Study of Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Treatment for Common Disease, Guangzhou Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary School, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangfeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Treatment for Common Disease, Guangzhou Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary School, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e987","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.240","article-title":"Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: from genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and sensorial mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Mascheretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3-20230908","first-page":"154","article-title":"Specific learning disabilities (SLD): a paediatrician's role","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hong Kong J Paediatr"},{"key":"R4-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"338","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R6-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.2307\/1129005","article-title":"Reading disabilities: the case of Chinese, Japanese, and English","volume":"53","author":"Stevenson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"R7-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/03055690601068535","article-title":"Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading-related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong","volume":"33","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ Stud"},{"key":"R8-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0012-6","article-title":"Dyslexia in Chinese: clues from cognitive neuropsychology","volume":"53","author":"Yin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"R9-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056688","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of dyslexic children in a middle-sized city of China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R10-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159042","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in Han and Uyghur children with dyslexia: a comparative study","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R11-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.2007","article-title":"Sex differences in developmental reading disability\u2014new findings from 4 epidemiological studies","volume":"291","author":"Rutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"R12-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36697","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36697","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a Chinese population with reading disorder","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R13-20230908","first-page":"197","article-title":"The revision and appraisal of Pupil Rating Scale Revised-Screening for Learning Disabilities","volume":"6","author":"Jing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"R14-20230908","first-page":"778","article-title":"Auditory attention shift deficits in Chinese dyslexic children","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R15-20230908","first-page":"36","article-title":"Rapid naming and orthographic processing skill in children with Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Ment Heal J"},{"key":"R17-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R18-20230908","first-page":"232","article-title":"Norms of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (the edition for students, and the edition for parents) in children of Henan province","volume":"14","author":"Cong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Ment Heal"},{"key":"R19-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1001_4","article-title":"Testing the home literacy model: parent involvement in kindergarten is differentially related to grade 4 reading comprehension, fluency, spelling, and reading for pleasure","volume":"10","author":"Senechal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci Stud Read"},{"key":"R21-20230908","first-page":"39","article-title":"On the diagnostic tests of Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J South China Normal University (Social Sci Edition)"},{"key":"R22-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-2008-0","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire overseas: evaluations and applications of the SDQ beyond Europe","volume":"13","author":"Woerner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psych"},{"key":"R23-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00163-X","article-title":"Cognitive profiling and preliminary subtyping in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"91","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"R24-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00691-5","article-title":"The effect of first written language on the acquisition of English literacy","volume":"59","author":"Holm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"R28-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801750105","article-title":"A structural-functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of Chinese readers","volume":"105","author":"Siok","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R29-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02865","article-title":"Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture","volume":"431","author":"Siok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R30-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq106","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia in Chinese and English populations: dissociating the effect of dyslexia from language differences","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R31-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300111","article-title":"Gender differences in intelligence, language, visual-motor abilities, and academic achievement in students with learning disabilities: a review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Vogel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R32-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability","volume":"41","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R33-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413492853","article-title":"Putative risk factors in developmental dyslexia: a case-control study of Italian children","volume":"48","author":"Mascheretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R34-20230908","first-page":"51","article-title":"Efficacy of parenting education compared to the standard method in improvement of reading and writing disabilities in children","volume":"8","author":"Karahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci"},{"key":"R35-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0359","article-title":"Home reading environment and brain activation in preschool children listening to stories","volume":"136","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R36-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01297","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic status, parent-child relationship, and learning motivation on reading ability","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R38-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0708-2","article-title":"A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of DSM-5 specific learning disorders in representative school samples from the second to sixth grade in Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Fortes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R39-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3393","article-title":"Reading aloud, play, and social-emotional development","volume":"141","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R40-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2017.1345634","article-title":"Early home learning environment predicts children's 5th grade academic skills","volume":"23","author":"Tamis-LeMonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Dev Sci"},{"key":"R41-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.09.006","article-title":"Family context and cognitive development in early childhood: a longitudinal study","volume":"65","author":"Barreto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"R42-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280701838835","article-title":"Family reading behavior and early literacy skills in preschool children from low-income backgrounds","volume":"19","author":"Bracken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Educ Dev"},{"key":"R43-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919454","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children","volume":"18","author":"August","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R44-20230908","first-page":"215","article-title":"The assessment of comorbid disorders in ADHD children and adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Wisniewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"R45-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400206","article-title":"Attention deficit disorder and specific reading disability: separate but often overlapping disorders","volume":"24","author":"Dykman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R46-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30310","article-title":"Understanding comorbidity: a twin study of reading disability and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"144B","author":"Willcutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"R47-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R48-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2701_3","article-title":"Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: in search of the common deficit","volume":"27","author":"Willcutt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R49-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00101","article-title":"Recognizing psychiatric comorbidity with reading disorders","volume":"9","author":"Hendren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R50-20230908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000411","article-title":"Reading disorders and dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"Hulme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Developmental &amp; Behavioral Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T03:37:42Z","timestamp":1694144262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/dbp.0000000000000751","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-206X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-206X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}