{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:11:19Z","timestamp":1790640679119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dimens Crit Care Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a valvular disease characterized by retrograde blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle. Various etiologies result in either an acute or chronic clinical presentation of AR and affect the severity of disease progression. Acute AR is a medical emergency caused by sudden increases in left ventricular volume. Immediate surgical intervention, vasoactive agents, and antibiotics are crucial for management. Chronic AR progresses gradually, leading to heart failure symptoms due to left ventricular remodeling. Diagnoses of both acute and chronic AR rely on electrocardiography, chest radiographs, and echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may be incorporated in chronic AR diagnosis. Medical management of chronic AR aims to control hypertension and delay left ventricular dysfunction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and potentially calcium-channel blockers are recommended for chronic AR. \u03b2-Blockers are cautioned against because of their potential negative effects. This article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention in AR. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic AR and a medication regimen for treating chronic AR in the adult population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/dcc.0000000000000628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T13:01:16Z","timestamp":1706187676000},"page":"80-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Aortic Regurgitation"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Toufic","family":"El Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dona","family":"Job","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonah","family":"Hakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"bib1-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1144-6","article-title":"Aortic regurgitation","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib2-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2017.10.004","article-title":"Aortic valve regurgitation: a comprehensive review","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib3-20250801","article-title":"Pathology of the aortic valve: aortic valve stenosis\/aortic regurgitation","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2023-avs1-17","article-title":"Pathology and pathophysiology of the aortic root","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.047","article-title":"Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate are independently associated with mortality in chronic aortic regurgitation","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztab059","article-title":"The discerning ear: cardiac auscultation in the era of artificial intelligence and telemedicine","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Dig Health"},{"key":"bib8-20250801","article-title":"Deep learning model to detect significant aortic regurgitation using electrocardiography [published online September 2021]","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"bib9-20250801","article-title":"Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for transcatheter aortic valve replacement sizing in high-risk patients [published online October 19, 2019]","journal-title":"J Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10-20250801","first-page":"e72","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"143","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.01.021","article-title":"Treatment of acute aortic insufficiency with a dedicated device","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.11.013","article-title":"Validation of the VARC-3 technical success definition in patients undergoing TAVR","volume":"15","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol Intv"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-020-00493-9","article-title":"Inotropic agents and vasopressors in the treatment of cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"bib16-20250801","article-title":"New perspective on pathophysiology and management of functional mitral regurgitation [published online March 2022]","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161116666180101165306","article-title":"Aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation and arterial hypertension","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib19-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.01.058","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension: to use or not to use?","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib20-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14047","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of different types of antihypertensive drugs in reversing left ventricular hypertrophy as determined with echocardiography in hypertensive patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"bib21-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.026","article-title":"Changes in left ventricular geometry during antihypertensive treatment","volume":"134","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2019.03.018","article-title":"The effects of losartan versus beta-blockers on cardiovascular protection in Marfan syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib23-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)91065-P","article-title":"Comparison of single-dose nifedipine and captopril for chronic severe aortic regurgitation","volume":"72","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib24-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409153311101","article-title":"Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function","volume":"331","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib25-20250801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90868-0","article-title":"Vasodilator therapy in chronic asymptomatic aortic regurgitation: enalapril versus hydralazine therapy","volume":"24","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T15:00:50Z","timestamp":1754060450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000628"}},"subtitle":["Review of Current Management"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/dcc.0000000000000628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-8646","0730-4625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-8646","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0730-4625","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}}}