{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:17:14Z","timestamp":1777555034363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Manganese chloride (MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) 2.5% is included in the extended metals patch test series to evaluate patients for contact hypersensitivity to this metal salt.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n The objective of this study was to prospectively determine the rate of allergic and irritant patch test reactions to MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (Mn(II)), Mn\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (Mn(III)), and KMnO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n (Mn(VII)) in a cohort of patients undergoing patch testing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty-eight patients were patch tested with MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , Mn\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , and KMnO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n , each at 2.5% in petrolatum. Patch readings were taken at 48, and 72 or 96 hours, and scored using standard methods. Cultured monolayers of keratinocytes (KCs) were exposed to MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , Mn\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , and KMnO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n in aqueous culture medium, and cell survival and cytokine release were studied.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n caused irritant patch test reactions in 41% of the cohort, whereas Mn\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n and KMnO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n caused a significantly lower rate of irritant reactions (both 3%). No allergic morphologies were observed. Similarly, in cultured KC monolayers, only MnCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n was cytotoxic to KC and induced tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 release.\n <\/jats:p>\n The oxidation state of manganese used for patch testing affects the irritancy of this metal salt, as Mn(II) caused an unacceptably high rate of irritant reactions in a cohort of patients. In vitro studies confirmed these clinical data, as only Mn(II) was cytotoxic to cultured monolayers of KC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0000000000000032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T12:01:15Z","timestamp":1397649675000},"page":"66-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Manganese Oxidation State as a Cause of Irritant Patch Test Reactions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Laurie","family":"Shallcross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of *Dermatology,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of *Dermatology,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Harberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of *Dermatology,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"},{"name":"Microbiology\/Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Tammaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Gaitens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony A.","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of *Dermatology,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"},{"name":"Microbiology\/Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102427"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Huheey JE Keiter EA Keiter RL. 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