{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:56:37Z","timestamp":1787504197302,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nickel is the most common allergen detected by patch testing in children. There is an increasing number of cases in children who have not had exposure to piercing. Although the clinical relevance of nickel patch test reactions in children is sometimes uncertain, continued vigilance to identify new sources of nickel exposure in this age group is important. Recent case reports have described allergic nickel contact dermatitis in children following exposure to toys, but the magnitude of this problem is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate nickel and cobalt release from children\u2019s toys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We purchased 212 toys in 18 different retail and online stores in the United States and Denmark. Nickel and cobalt release was tested using the dimethylglyoxime and cobalt screening spot tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 73 toys (34.4%) released nickel, and none released cobalt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toys are a commonly overlooked source of nickel exposure and sensitization. Therefore, dermatologists, allergists, and pediatricians should consider the role of toys in their evaluation of children with dermatitis, and the parents of children with positive nickel patch test reactions should be told that toys may release nickel and be a potential chemical source in the manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0000000000000084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T10:29:09Z","timestamp":1415788149000},"page":"356-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Nickel and Cobalt Release From Children\u2019s Toys Purchased in Denmark and the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dathan","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten R.","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten S.","family":"Jellesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, San Diego."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12129"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.10.1329"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.6.1070"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.e3"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"232","article-title":"Usefulness of the European standard series for patch testing in children","volume":"40","author":"Roul S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roul S, , Ducombs G, , Taieb A. Usefulness of the European standard series for patch testing in children. A 3-year single-centre study of 337 patients. Contact Dermatitis, 1999; 40(5): 232\u2013235.","journal-title":"A 3-year single-centre study of 337 patients. Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00425.x","article-title":"Reactivity to patch tests with nickel sulfate and fragrance mix in infants","volume":"51","author":"Johnke H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnke H, , Norberg LA, , Vach W, et al. Reactivity to patch tests with nickel sulfate and fragrance mix in infants. 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Arch Dermatol, 1963; 87: 378\u2013382.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01487.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s clothing fasteners as a potential source of exposure to releasable nickel ions","volume":"60","author":"Heim KE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heim KE, , McKean BA. Children\u2019s clothing fasteners as a potential source of exposure to releasable nickel ions. Contact Dermatitis, 2009; 60(2): 100\u2013105.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.06.034","article-title":"Nickel release from inexpensive jewelry and hair clasps purchased in an EU country\u2014are consumers sufficiently protected from nickel exposure?","volume":"407","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Menn\u00e9 T, , Johansen JD. Nickel release from inexpensive jewelry and hair clasps purchased in an EU country\u2014are consumers sufficiently protected from nickel exposure?. Sci Total Environ, 2009; 407(20): 5315\u20135318.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e318250c354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e31828afafa"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12141","article-title":"Nickel and cobalt release from jewellery and metal clothing items in Korea","volume":"70","author":"Cheong SH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheong SH, , Choi YW, , Choi HY, et al. Nickel and cobalt release from jewellery and metal clothing items in Korea. 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Derm Beruf Umwel"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.445","article-title":"Filaggrin is a predominant member of the denaturation-resistant nickel-binding proteome of human epidermis","volume":"134","author":"Ross-Hansen K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ross-Hansen K, , Ostergaard O, , Tanassi JT, et al. Filaggrin is a predominant member of the denaturation-resistant nickel-binding proteome of human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 2014; 134(4): 1164\u20131166.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01957.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12556","article-title":"Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.","volume":"169","author":"Garg S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garg S, , Thyssen JP, , Uter W, et al. 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