{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:44:18Z","timestamp":1790001858362,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018. Contact, systemic, and irritant cutaneous reactions have been documented for PG, which has become an increasingly common ingredient. Propylene glycol is as contentious as it is ubiquitous because it acts as both a weak sensitizer and an irritant, confounding the results of positive patch tests. This review serves to delve into what we know about PG from previous reports and studies so that providers will have a better understanding of PG contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0000000000000307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T15:01:13Z","timestamp":1508857273000},"page":"6-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Propylene Glycol in Contact Dermatitis A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Scheman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.08039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin AE Murphy FH. Glycols: Propylene Glycols. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 2000. DOI: 10.1002\/0471238961.1618151613011820.a01. Available at: http:\/\/www.dow.com\/webapps\/lit\/litorder.asp?filepath=propyleneglycol\/pdfs\/noreg\/117-01785.pdf. Accessed January26 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471238961.1618151613011820.a01"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70018-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.75.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Medicine: air germicide. TIME Magazine. November 16 1942. Cited January 26 2017. Available at: http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0 9171 932876 00.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581812444141"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol toxicity\u2014what is propylene glycol? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Environmental Health and Medicine Education. 2013. Cited January 26 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/csem\/csem.asp?csem=12&po=14."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00693.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Propylene glycol C.I. U.S. Federal Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Subchapter B Part 184 Subpart B Section 184.1666. Cited January 27 2017. Available at: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/Cfdocs\/cfCFR\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1666. Accessed April1 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04180.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.3.353"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.07037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Propylene glycol in or on cat food A. U.S. Federal Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Chapter I. Subchapter E. Part 589. Subpart B. Section 589.1001. Available at: https:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/granule\/CFR-2001-title21-vol6\/CFR-2001-title21-vol6-sec589-1001. Accessed January26 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"The distribution, fate, and effects of propylene glycol substances in the environment","volume":"232","author":"West R","year":"2014","unstructured":"West R, , Banton M, , Hu J, et al. The distribution, fate, and effects of propylene glycol substances in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 2014; 232:107\u2013138.","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12668"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01634989-199612000-00025","article-title":"Systemic contact dermatitis caused by ingestion of certain foods in propylene glycol-sensitive patients","volume":"7","author":"Fisher AA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fisher AA. Systemic contact dermatitis caused by ingestion of certain foods in propylene glycol-sensitive patients. Am J Contact Dermat, 1996; 7(4):259.","journal-title":"Am J Contact Dermat"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"Systemic contact dermatitis due to intravenous Valium in a person sensitive to propylene glycol","volume":"55","author":"Fisher AA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fisher AA. Systemic contact dermatitis due to intravenous Valium in a person sensitive to propylene glycol. Cutis, 1995; 55(6):327\u2013328.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05336.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01995.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2007.06028"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","article-title":"Focus on propylene glycol","volume":"21","author":"Pootongkam S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pootongkam S, , Nedorost ST. Focus on propylene glycol. Dermatologist, 2013; 21(8). Available at: http:\/\/www.the-dermatologist.com\/content\/focus-propylene-glycol.","journal-title":"Dermatologist"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2010.09047"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"473","volume":"13","author":"Final report on the safety assessment of propylene glycol and polypropylene glycols","year":"1994","unstructured":"Final report on the safety assessment of propylene glycol and polypropylene glycols. J Am Coll Toxicol, 1994; 13(6):473\u2013491 doi: 10.3109\/10915819409141005.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2010.10036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000177"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2016.1142373"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Inactive ingredient search for approved drug products. 2017 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Cited January 26 2017. Available at: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/iig\/index.Cfm."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e31827658ed"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03575.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol in calcipotriene ointment","volume":"60","author":"Fisher DA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fisher DA. Allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol in calcipotriene ointment. Cutis, 1997; 60(1):43\u201344.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03213.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Alternative formulation for patients with contact reactions to topical 2% and 5% minoxidil vehicle ingredients","volume":"42","author":"Scheman AJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scheman AJ, , West DP, , Hordinksy MK, et al. Alternative formulation for patients with contact reactions to topical 2% and 5% minoxidil vehicle ingredients. Contact Dermatitis, 2000; 42(4):241.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00517.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","unstructured":"Topical steroid potencies. Monthly Prescribing Reference 2017. Available at: http:\/\/www.empr.com\/clinical-charts\/topical-steroid-potencies\/article\/123847\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.07054"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","volume-title":"Contact & Occupational Dermatology","author":"Marks JG","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marks JG, , Elsner P, , DeLeo VA. Contact & Occupational Dermatology. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","unstructured":"Propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fats and fatty acids. U.S. Federal Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Chapter I. Subchapter B. Part 172. Subpart I. Section 172.856. Available at: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.856. Accessed January26 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.08012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"Propylene glycol. Household Products Database: Health and Safety Information on Household Products. US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health and National Library of Medicine. 2016. Bethesda MD. Available at: https:\/\/householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov\/cgi-bin\/household\/brands?tbl=chem&id=43&query=propylene+glycol&searchas=TblChemicals. Accessed February3 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2010.09071"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2003.00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"Vaporizers e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). 2017. Cited February 3 2017. Available at: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/TobaccoProducts\/Labeling\/ProductsIngredientsComponents\/ucm456610.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.10.1241"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1952.118"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.119104"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Skin irritation caused by propylene glycols","volume":"33","author":"Andersen KE","year":"1982","unstructured":"Andersen KE, , Storrs FJ. Skin irritation caused by propylene glycols. Hautarzt, 1982; 33(1):12\u201314.","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1981.tb04042.x"}],"container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0000000000000307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/DER.0000000000000307","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0000000000000307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:04:16Z","timestamp":1777399456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1097\/DER.0000000000000307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/DER.0000000000000307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/der.0000000000000307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1710-3568","2162-5220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1710-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-5220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}}}