{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:16:31Z","timestamp":1792088191110,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) are well-characterized skin irritants and rare sensitizers, but optimal testing for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is not established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensitization prevalence was sought, and several patch testing concentrations and vehicles were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred forty-two patients tested to the standard screening series for evaluation of dermatitis consented to additional tests including BAK 0.15% aqueous (aq), BAK 0.15% petrolatum (pet), BEC 0.15% aq, and BEC 0.5% aq. Follow-up to assess clinical relevancy included early and late patch test reads, 1-month clinical follow-up, and long-term phone calls. Patients were categorized as definite, possible, or unlikely to have ACD to BAK and\/or BEC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Atopy was not associated with patch test reactions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.154). Seventy-five percent (6\/8) of the patients with possible ACD to BAK had coreactions with BEC. Testing to both BAK 0.15% pet and 0.15% aq would have identified 91% of those with possible ACD to BAK, twice as many than if only BAK 0.1% aq from the standard series was used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensitization to BAK and BEC, although rare, does occur. Weak and morphologically irritant reactions at day 7 reading can be relevant. We recommend testing to BAK 0.15% aq and 0.15% pet to increase sensitivity and having patients undergo long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0b013e318260d78d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T12:04:26Z","timestamp":1397649866000},"page":"162-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sensitization Prevalence for Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Harry","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Fricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan T.","family":"Nedorost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc063110","article-title":"Intoxication of a prison inmate with an ethyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer","volume":"356","author":"Doyon S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doyon S, , Welsh C. Intoxication of a prison inmate with an ethyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. N Engl J Med, 2007; 356 (5): 529\u2013530.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Loden M Maibach HI. Chapter 15. In: Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. 1st ed. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2000."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630050517216","article-title":"Irritant reactions to an antiseptic bath emollient","volume":"11","author":"Ling TC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ling TC, , Highet AS. Irritant reactions to an antiseptic bath emollient. J Dermatol Treat, 2000; 11 (4): 263\u2013267.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00331.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1988.tb05484.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01315.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis from benzalkonium chloride","volume":"39","author":"Fisher AA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fisher AA. Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis from benzalkonium chloride. Cutis, 1987; 39 (5): 381\u2013383.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride","volume":"42","author":"Kanerva L","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanerva L, , Jolanki R, , Estlander T. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride. Contact Dermatitis, 2000; 42 (6): 357\u2013358.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1972.01620110005001","article-title":"Allergic contact sensitivity to benzalkonium chloride cutaneous, ophthalmic, and general medical implications","volume":"106","author":"Fisher AA","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fisher AA, , Stillman MA. Allergic contact sensitivity to benzalkonium chloride cutaneous, ophthalmic, and general medical implications. Arch Dermatol, 1972; 106 (2): 169\u2013171.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03369.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03150.x","article-title":"Unusual occupational allergic contact dermatitis in a nurse","volume":"20","author":"Lombardi P","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lombardi P, , Gola M, , Acciai MC, et al.. Unusual occupational allergic contact dermatitis in a nurse. Contact Dermatitis, 1989; 20 (4): 302\u2013303.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in an antifungal solution","volume":"42","author":"Park HJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Park HJ, , Kang HA, , Lee JY, et al.. Allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in an antifungal solution. Contact Dermatitis, 2000; 42 (5): 306\u2013307.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01909.x","article-title":"Allergy to benzalkonium chloride simulating dermatomyositis","volume":"31","author":"Cox NH","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cox NH. Allergy to benzalkonium chloride simulating dermatomyositis. Contact Dermatitis, 1994; 31 (1): 50.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions","volume":"25","author":"Herbst RA","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herbst RA, , Maibach HI. Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions. Contact Dermatitis, 1991; 25 (5): 305\u2013312.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00509.x","article-title":"Contact allergens in toothpastes and a review of their hypersensitivity","volume":"33","author":"Sainio EL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sainio EL, , Kanerva L. Contact allergens in toothpastes and a review of their hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis, 1995; 33 (2): 100\u2013105.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02427.x","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in plaster of paris","volume":"35","author":"Stanford D","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stanford D, , Georgouras K. Allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in plaster of paris. Contact Dermatitis, 1996; 35 (6): 371\u2013372.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1981.tb04104.x","article-title":"Contact allergy to benzalkonium chloride in plaster of paris","volume":"7","author":"Lovell CR","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lovell CR, , Staniforth P. Contact allergy to benzalkonium chloride in plaster of paris. Contact Dermatitis, 1981; 7 (6): 343\u2013344.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Patch test reactions to a preliminary preservative series","volume":"41","author":"Brasch J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brasch J, , Henseler T, , Frosch PJ. Patch test reactions to a preliminary preservative series. Dermatosen, 1993; 41 (2): 71\u201376.","journal-title":"Dermatosen"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","author":"Bull M","unstructured":"Bull M, , Shanahan RW, , Frank J. One Week Human Skin Irritation Screen. Consumer Product Testing Co. Report, study number C96-0164. May 10, 1996.","journal-title":"One Week Human Skin Irritation Screen"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02598.x","article-title":"Vulvar dermatitis and fissures\u2014irritant dermatitis from methyl benzethonium chloride","volume":"13","author":"Maibach HI","year":"1985","unstructured":"Maibach HI, , Mathias CT. Vulvar dermatitis and fissures\u2014irritant dermatitis from methyl benzethonium chloride. Contact Dermatitis, 1985; 13 (5): 340.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1973.01620270027006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01327.x"}],"container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e318260d78d","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e318260d78d","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e318260d78d","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:07:50Z","timestamp":1777399670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e318260d78d"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/DER.0b013e318260d78d"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/der.0b013e318260d78d","relation":{},"ISSN":["1710-3568","2162-5220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1710-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-5220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}}}