{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:15:12Z","timestamp":1792088112065,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This clinical review article presents clinical and scientific data on cobalt sensitization and dermatitis. It is concluded that cobalt despite being a strong sensitizer and a prevalent contact allergen to come up on patch testing should be regarded as a very complex metal to test with. Exposure data together with clinical data from metal workers heavily exposed to cobalt suggest that patch-test reactions are sometimes false positive and that patch testers should carefully evaluate their clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0b013e31826e4591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T12:03:59Z","timestamp":1397649839000},"page":"203-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cobalt Sensitization and Dermatitis: Considerations for the Clinician"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Gentofte, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1978.tb03757.x","article-title":"Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride","volume":"4","author":"Wahlberg JE","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wahlberg JE, , Boman A. Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride. Contact Dermatitis, 1978; 4 (3): 128-132.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90141-4","article-title":"Absorption and excretion of cobalt in the hard metal industry","volume":"150","author":"Scansetti G","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scansetti G, , Botta GC, , Spinelli P, et al. Absorption and excretion of cobalt in the hard metal industry. Sci Total Environ, 1994; 150 (1-3): 141-144.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050136","article-title":"Urinary cobalt as a measure of exposure in the wet sharpening of hard metal and stellite blades","volume":"69","author":"Linnainmaa M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Linnainmaa M, , Kiilunen M. Urinary cobalt as a measure of exposure in the wet sharpening of hard metal and stellite blades. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1997; 69 (3): 193-200.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0455-4","article-title":"In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt","volume":"77","author":"Larese FF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Larese FF, , Maina G, , Adami G, et al. In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 2004; 77 (2): 85-89.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09325.x","article-title":"Contact allergy to allergens of the TRUE-test (panels 1 and 2) has decreased modestly in the general population","volume":"161","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Linneberg A, , Menne T, et al. Contact allergy to allergens of the TRUE-test (panels 1 and 2) has decreased modestly in the general population. Br J Dermatol, 2009; 161 (5): 1124-1129.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01572.x","article-title":"The European baseline series in 10 European countries, 2005\/2006\u2014results of the European Surveillance System of Contact Allergies (ESSCA)","volume":"61","author":"Uter W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uter W, , Ramsch C, , Aberer W, et al. The European baseline series in 10 European countries, 2005\/2006\u2014results of the European Surveillance System of Contact Allergies (ESSCA). Contact Dermatitis, 2009; 61: 31-38.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2009.08097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102420"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","volume-title":"Contact Dermatitis","author":"Lid\u00e9n C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lid\u00e9n C, , Bruze M, , Thyssen JP, et al. Metals. In: Johansen JD, , Lepoittevin J-P, , Frosch PJ, eds. Contact Dermatitis. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer; 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04316.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Sensitization to cobalt in pottery workers","volume":"33","author":"Piril\u00e4 V.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Piril\u00e4 V. Sensitization to cobalt in pottery workers. Acta Derm Venereol, 1953; 33: 193-198.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00068.x","article-title":"Blue and black pottery as a potential source of cobalt","volume":"10","author":"Fregert S","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fregert S, , Gruvberger B. Blue and black pottery as a potential source of cobalt. Contact Dermatitis, 1984; 10 (1): 50.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"A 1982-1992 surveillance programme on Danish pottery painters","volume":"150","author":"Christensen JM","year":"1994","unstructured":"Christensen JM, , Poulsen OM. A 1982-1992 surveillance programme on Danish pottery painters. Biological levels and health effects following exposure to soluble or insoluble cobalt compounds in cobalt blue dyes. Sci Total Environ, 1994; 150 (1-3): 95-104.","journal-title":"Biological levels and health effects following exposure to soluble or insoluble cobalt compounds in cobalt blue dyes. Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2012.02008.x","article-title":"Cobalt spot test used for diagnosis of occupationally-related exposure to cobalt-containing powder","volume":"66","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Johansen JD, , Jellesen MS, et al. Cobalt spot test used for diagnosis of occupationally-related exposure to cobalt-containing powder. Contact Dermatitis, 2012; 66 (4): 228-229.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"287","article-title":"Cobalt contact dermatitis","volume":"47","author":"Camarasa JM.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Camarasa JM. Cobalt contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol, 1967; 47: 287-292.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Allergy to chromium, nickel and cobalt","volume":"46","author":"Fregert S","year":"1966","unstructured":"Fregert S, , Rorsman H. Allergy to chromium, nickel and cobalt. Acta Derm Venereol, 1966; 46: 144-148.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Contact allergy in construction workers: results of a multifactorial analysis","volume":"48","author":"Uter W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uter W, , Ruhl R, , Pfahlberg A, et al. Contact allergy in construction workers: results of a multifactorial analysis. Ann Occup Hyg, 2004; 48 (1): 21-27.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"220","article-title":"Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils","volume":"25","author":"Wahlberg JE","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wahlberg JE, , Lindstedt G, , Einarsson O. Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils. Berufsdermatosen, 1977; 25 (6): 220-228.","journal-title":"Berufsdermatosen"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01407.x","article-title":"Cobalt content of household cleaning products","volume":"16","author":"Vilaplana J","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vilaplana J, , Grimalt F, , Romaguera C, et al. Cobalt content of household cleaning products. Contact Dermatitis, 1987; 16 (3): 139-141.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03318.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00839.x","article-title":"Skin disease and contact sensitivity in house painters using water-based paints, glues and putties","volume":"32","author":"Fischer T","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fischer T, , Bohlin S, , Edling C, et al. Skin disease and contact sensitivity in house painters using water-based paints, glues and putties. Contact Dermatitis, 1995; 32 (1): 39-45.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"518","article-title":"over an 11-year period (1993-2004)","volume":"157","author":"Athavale P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Athavale P, , Shum KW, , Chen Y, et al. Occupational dermatitis related to chromium and cobalt: experience of dermatologists (EPIDERM) and occupational physicians (OPRA) in the U.K. over an 11-year period (1993-2004). Br J Dermatol, 2007; 157 (3): 518-522.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajcd.2000.7186"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x","article-title":"A new spot test for detection of cobalt release\u2014early experience and findings","volume":"63","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Johansen JD, , Menne T, et al. A new spot test for detection of cobalt release\u2014early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 63 (2): 63-69.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00736.x","article-title":"Assessment of skin exposure to nickel, chromium and cobalt by acid wipe sampling and ICP-MS","volume":"54","author":"Liden C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liden C, , Skare L, , Lind B, et al. Assessment of skin exposure to nickel, chromium and cobalt by acid wipe sampling and ICP-MS. Contact Dermatitis, 2006; 54 (5): 233-238.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01326.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"340","article-title":"Skin deposition of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in production of gas turbines and space propulsion components","volume":"54","author":"Julander A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Julander A, , Skare L, , Mulder M, et al. Skin deposition of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in production of gas turbines and space propulsion components. Ann Occup Hyg, 2010; 54 (3): 340-350.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x","article-title":"Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis","volume":"60","author":"Julander A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Julander A, , Hindsen M, , Skare L, et al. Cobalt-containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 2009; 60 (3): 165-170.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.07.056"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"Characterization of exposures among cemented tungsten carbide workers","volume":"19","author":"Day GA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Day GA, , Virji MA, , Stefaniak AB. Characterization of exposures among cemented tungsten carbide workers. Part II: assessment of surface contamination and skin exposures to cobalt, chromium and nickel. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2009; 19 (4): 423-434.","journal-title":"Part II: assessment of surface contamination and skin exposures to cobalt, chromium and nickel. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(51)90151-7","article-title":"Nickel and cobalt dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Rostenberg A","year":"1951","unstructured":"Rostenberg A Jr, , Perkins AJ. Nickel and cobalt dermatitis. J Allergy, 1951; 22 (5): 466-474.","journal-title":"J Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01866.x","article-title":"Cobalt release from inexpensive earrings from Thailand and China","volume":"64","author":"Hamann C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamann C, , Hamann D, , Hamann KK, et al. Cobalt release from inexpensive earrings from Thailand and China. Contact Dermatitis, 2011; 64 (4): 238-240.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01752.x","article-title":"Cobalt release from inexpensive jewellery: has the use of cobalt replaced nickel following regulatory intervention?","volume":"63","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Jellesen MS, , Menne T, et al. Cobalt release from inexpensive jewellery: has the use of cobalt replaced nickel following regulatory intervention?. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 63 (2): 70-76.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02001.x","article-title":"Cobalt release from implants and consumer items and characteristics of cobalt sensitized patients with dermatitis","volume":"66","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Menne T, , Liden C, et al. Cobalt release from implants and consumer items and characteristics of cobalt sensitized patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 2012; 66 (3): 113-122.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e318250c354","article-title":"The Sino-American Belt Study: nickel and cobalt exposure, epidemiology and clinical considerations","volume":"23","author":"Hamann D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamann D, , Hamann C, , Li L-F, et al. The Sino-American Belt Study: nickel and cobalt exposure, epidemiology and clinical considerations. Dermatitis, 2012; 23 (3): 117-123.","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"A patch test study to evaluate the allergenicity of a metallic jewelry alloy in patients allergic to cobalt","volume":"77","author":"Perryman JH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perryman JH, , Fowler JFJr. A patch test study to evaluate the allergenicity of a metallic jewelry alloy in patients allergic to cobalt. Cutis, 2006; 77 (2): 77-80.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.07.027","article-title":"A pilot study on the content and the release of Ni and other allergenic metals from cheap earrings available on the Italian market","volume":"388","author":"Bocca B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bocca B, , Forte G, , Senofonte O, et al. A pilot study on the content and the release of Ni and other allergenic metals from cheap earrings available on the Italian market. Sci Total Environ, 2007; 388 (1-3): 24-34.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.0592a.x","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis from cobalt in jewellery","volume":"53","author":"Hindsen M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hindsen M, , Persson L, , Gruvberger B. Allergic contact dermatitis from cobalt in jewellery. Contact Dermatitis, 2005; 53 (6): 350-351.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00887.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.045003172.x","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis caused by nickel and cobalt in green plastic shoes","volume":"45","author":"Goossens A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goossens A, , Bedert R, , Zimerson E. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by nickel and cobalt in green plastic shoes. Contact Dermatitis, 2001; 45 (3): 172.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01732.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2000.042001005.x","article-title":"Metals and arsenic in eye shadows","volume":"42","author":"Sainio EL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sainio EL, , Jolanki R, , Hakala E, et al. Metals and arsenic in eye shadows. Contact Dermatitis, 2000; 42 (1): 5-10.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x","article-title":"Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium","volume":"49","author":"Basketter DA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Basketter DA, , Angelini G, , Ingber A, et al. Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium. Contact Dermatitis, 2003; 49 (1): 1-7.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Measurement of nickel, cobalt and chromium in toy make-up by atomic absorption spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Corazza M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Corazza M, , Baldo F, , Pagnoni A, et al. Measurement of nickel, cobalt and chromium in toy make-up by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Acta Dermatovenereol, 2009; 89 (2): 130-133.","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04907.x","article-title":"Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)","volume":"5","author":"Veien NK","year":"1979","unstructured":"Veien NK, , Kaaber K. Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema). Contact Dermatitis, 1979; 5 (6): 371-374.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04438.x","article-title":"Oral challenge with metal salts","volume":"9","author":"Veien NK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Veien NK, , Hattel T, , Justesen O, et al. Oral challenge with metal salts. (II). Various types of eczema. Contact Dermatitis, 1983; 9 (5): 407-410.","journal-title":"(II). Various types of eczema. Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555567321325"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00453.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01469.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2011.10055"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2008.06.007","article-title":"Metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty","volume":"23","author":"Kim RH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim RH, , Dennis DA, , Carothers JT. Metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2008; 23 (suppl 7): 44-46.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200103000-00017","article-title":"Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants","volume":"83","author":"Hallab N","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hallab N, , Merritt K, , Jacobs JJ. Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2001; 83-A (3): 428-436.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Pragmatic approach to the clinical work-up of patients with putative allergic disease to metallic orthopaedic implants before and after surgery","volume":"164","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Menne T, , Schalock PC, et al. Pragmatic approach to the clinical work-up of patients with putative allergic disease to metallic orthopaedic implants before and after surgery. Br J Dermatol, 2011; 164 (3): 473-478.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.05.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01599.x","article-title":"Cobalt allergy and suspected aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vascular-associated lesion following total hip arthroplasty","volume":"61","author":"Jensen P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jensen P, , Thyssen JP, , Retpen JB, et al. Cobalt allergy and suspected aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vascular-associated lesion following total hip arthroplasty. Contact Dermatitis, 2009; 61 (4): 238-239.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04857.x","article-title":"Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt","volume":"5","author":"Rystedt I.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rystedt I. Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt. Contact Dermatitis, 1979; 5 (4): 233-238.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04763.x","article-title":"Contact hypersensitivity in patients with primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"50","author":"Khamaysi Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khamaysi Z, , Weltfriend S, , Khamaysi K, et al. Contact hypersensitivity in patients with primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. Int J Dermatol, 2011; 50 (4): 423-427.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01060.x","article-title":"False-positive, follicular and irritant patch test reactions to metal salts","volume":"12","author":"Fischer T","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fischer T, , Rystedt I. False-positive, follicular and irritant patch test reactions to metal salts. Contact Dermatitis, 1985; 12 (2): 93-98.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"False positive \u201cporal\u201d cobalt patch test reactions reside in the eccrine acrosyringium","volume":"65","author":"Storrs FJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Storrs FJ, , White CR. False positive \u201cporal\u201d cobalt patch test reactions reside in the eccrine acrosyringium. Cutis, 2000; 65 (1): 49-53.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01981.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte transformation in patients with cobalt dermatitis","volume":"99","author":"Veien NK","year":"1978","unstructured":"Veien NK, , Svejgaard E. Lymphocyte transformation in patients with cobalt dermatitis. Br J Dermatol, 1978; 99 (2): 191-196.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00419.x","article-title":"Study of persistence and loss of patch test reactions to dichromate and cobalt","volume":"36","author":"Katsarou A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Katsarou A, , Baxevanis C, , Armenaka M, et al. Study of persistence and loss of patch test reactions to dichromate and cobalt. Contact Dermatitis, 1997; 36 (2): 87-90.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03253.x","article-title":"Skin reactivity to metallic cobalt in patients with a positive patch test to cobalt chloride","volume":"27","author":"de Fine OF","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Fine OF, , Menne T. Skin reactivity to metallic cobalt in patients with a positive patch test to cobalt chloride. Contact Dermatitis, 1992; 27 (4): 241-243.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2011.618472","volume":"31","author":"Zhai H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhai H, , Meier-Davis SR, , Cayme B, , Shudo J, , Maibach H. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2012; 31 (2): 138-143.","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.03.030","article-title":"Prevalence of nickel and cobalt allergy among female patients with dermatitis before and after Danish government regulation: a 23-year retrospective study","volume":"61","author":"Thyssen JP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thyssen JP, , Johansen JD, , Carlsen BC, et al. Prevalence of nickel and cobalt allergy among female patients with dermatitis before and after Danish government regulation: a 23-year retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2009; 61 (5): 799-805.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Pseudo cross-sensitivity between cobalt and nickel","volume":"46","author":"Piril\u00e4 V","year":"1966","unstructured":"Piril\u00e4 V, , F\u00f6rstrom L. Pseudo cross-sensitivity between cobalt and nickel. Acta Derm Venereol, 1966; 46: 40-45.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610130024004","article-title":"Recent experience with routine patch test screening","volume":"98","author":"Epstein E","year":"1968","unstructured":"Epstein E, , Rees WJ, , Maibach HI. Recent experience with routine patch test screening. Arch Dermatol, 1968; 98 (1): 18-22.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01622.x","article-title":"The nickel content of certain commercially available metallic patch test materials and its relevance in nickel-sensitive subjects","volume":"24","author":"Eedy DJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eedy DJ, , Burrows D, , Mcmaster D. The nickel content of certain commercially available metallic patch test materials and its relevance in nickel-sensitive subjects. Contact Dermatitis, 1991; 24 (1): 11-15.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Cobalt dermatitis: clinical picture","volume":"43","author":"Marcussen PV.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Marcussen PV. Cobalt dermatitis: clinical picture. Acta Derm Venereol, 1963; 43: 231-234.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00577.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02466.x","article-title":"Patch test results in schoolchildren\u2014results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG)","volume":"37","author":"Brasch J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brasch J, , Geier J. Patch test results in schoolchildren\u2014results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis, 1997; 37 (6): 286-293.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00802.x","article-title":"Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates","volume":"32","author":"Uter W","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uter W, , Fuchs T, , Hausser M, et al. Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates. Contact Dermatitis, 1995; 32 (3): 135-142.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04959.x","article-title":"Relationship between cobalt and nickel sensitization in females","volume":"6","author":"Menne T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Menne T. Relationship between cobalt and nickel sensitization in females. Contact Dermatitis, 1980; 6 (5): 337-340.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04357.x","article-title":"Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers","volume":"9","author":"Rystedt I","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rystedt I, , Fischer T. Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers. Contact Dermatitis, 1983; 9 (3): 195-200.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04127.x","article-title":"Prognosis in nickel allergy and hand eczema","volume":"8","author":"Christensen OB.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Christensen OB. Prognosis in nickel allergy and hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis, 1982; 8 (1): 7-15.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02527.x","article-title":"Interrelationship of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization","volume":"13","author":"Lammintausta K","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lammintausta K, , Pitkanen OP, , Kalimo K, et al. Interrelationship of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis, 1985; 13 (3): 148-152.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02185.x","article-title":"Multiple sensitivities to metals","volume":"34","author":"Kr\u00e4nke B","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4nke B, , Aberer W. Multiple sensitivities to metals. Contact Dermatitis, 1996; 34 (3): 225.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00693.x","article-title":"A multifactorial analysis of concurrent patch-test reactions to nickel, cobalt, and chromate","volume":"60","author":"Hegewald J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hegewald J, , Uter W, , Pfahlberg A, et al. A multifactorial analysis of concurrent patch-test reactions to nickel, cobalt, and chromate. Allergy, 2005; 60 (3): 372-378.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Allergic dermatitis due to metallic cobalt","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz L","year":"1945","unstructured":"Schwartz L, , Peck SM, , Blair KE. Allergic dermatitis due to metallic cobalt. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1945; 16: 51-53.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.04.015","article-title":"The impact of various patient factors on contact allergy to nickel, cobalt, and chromate","volume":"55","author":"Ruff CA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruff CA, , Belsito DV. The impact of various patient factors on contact allergy to nickel, cobalt, and chromate. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006; 55 (1): 32-39.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:07:53Z","timestamp":1777399673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/der.0b013e31826e4591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1710-3568","2162-5220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1710-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-5220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}