{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:21:06Z","timestamp":1791073266905,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irritant hand dermatitis (IHD) is common in health care workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied endogenous irritant contact dermatitis threshold by patch testing and exogenous factors such as season and hand washing for their association with IHD in health care workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium hydroxide, and benzalkonium chloride at varying concentrations was measured in 113 health care workers. Examination for hand dermatitis occurred at 1-month intervals for a period of 6 months in the Midwestern United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Positive patch testing to low-concentration SLS was associated with IHD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0310) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, season, history of childhood flexural dermatitis, mean indoor relative humidity, and glove and hand sanitizer usage. Subjects with a positive patch test to SLS were 78% more likely to have occurrence of IHD (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92\u20133.45). Hand washing frequency (\u226510 times a day; IRR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.01\u20132.39) and cold season (IRR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.35\u20135.65) were associated with IHD. No association was found between history of childhood flexural dermatitis and IHD in this population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both genetic and environmental factors are important in the etiology of IHD and should be considered in designing strategies to protect, educate, and treat susceptible individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/der.0b013e318290c57f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1397649807000},"page":"170-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Winter Season, Frequent Hand Washing, and Irritant Patch Test Reactions to Detergents Are Associated With Hand Dermatitis in Health Care Workers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elma","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desta","family":"Fekedulegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Morgantown, WV."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kashon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Morgantown, WV."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berran","family":"Yucesoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branches, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branches, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Santo","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Luster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branches, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nedorost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0418-1","article-title":"Occupational skin-disease data in Europe","volume":"76","author":"Diepgen TL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diepgen TL. Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 2003; 76(5): 331\u2013338.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503164"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Wet work","volume":"61","author":"Kiec-Swierczynska M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kiec-Swierczynska M, , Chomiczewska D, , Krecisz B. Wet work. Med Pr, 2010; 61(1): 65\u201377.","journal-title":"Med Pr"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000099993","article-title":"Skin protection in the healthcare setting","volume":"34","author":"Mahler V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahler V. Skin protection in the healthcare setting. 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