{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:40:34Z","timestamp":1789580434608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatol Surg","DS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most patients with scleroderma suffer from microstomia, which can have debilitating consequences on their quality of life. Unfortunately, treatment options remain limited. No specific guidelines exist; hence, microstomia remains a challenge to treat in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review aims to evaluate the different medical and surgical treatment modalities currently available for microstomia in patients with scleroderma and make recommendations for future research.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A search of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid Embase was conducted to identify articles discussing the treatment of microstomia in scleroderma. Twenty articles discussing surgical therapy and one article discussing medical therapy were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mostly because of a scarcity of high-level evidence, no individual therapy has documented long-term efficacy. Some treatments demonstrate positive results and warrant further research.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Given the variability of results, specific recommendations for the treatment of microstomia in patients with scleroderma are difficult to establish. A multifaceted approach that includes surgical and medical therapy is likely the best option to improve oral aperture in this patient population. Surgical treatments such as neurotoxins, autologous fat grafting, and ultraviolet A1 phototherapy may hold the most potential for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/dss.0000000000002995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T08:52:15Z","timestamp":1618822335000},"page":"780-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Review of the Current Medical and Surgical Treatment Options for Microstomia in Patients With Scleroderma"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Cristian D.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarod John","family":"Pamatmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake C.","family":"Hutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather W.","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Allanore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31139","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder","volume":"117","author":"Varga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R3-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R4-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"72","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R5-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2015.69.153-156","article-title":"Oral manifestations of systemic sclerosis and correlation with anti-topoisomerase I antibodies (SCL-70)","volume":"69","author":"Bajraktari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"R6-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13174","article-title":"Oral features of systemic sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Gomes da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R7-20250731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071189","article-title":"Orofacial manifestations and temporomandibular disorders of systemic scleroderma: an observational study","volume":"17","author":"Crincoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R8-20250731","first-page":"831","article-title":"Small mouths ... 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