{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:58:08Z","timestamp":1785718688198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Children have a smaller functional residual capacity and higher rate of oxygen consumption making them prone to develop hypoxaemia during a period of apnoea. The effectiveness of apnoeic oxygenation in preventing oxygen desaturation during laryngoscopy and intubation in small children has not been well studied.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To assess the effectiveness of apnoeic oxygenation using a nasal cannula in preventing oxygen desaturation during laryngoscopy and intubation in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prospective randomised double-blind controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SETTING<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tertiary care teaching hospital between January 2020 and September 2021.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PATIENTS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One hundred and twenty children of 1 to 6\u200ayears age undergoing elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>INTERVENTION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients were randomly allocated to receive 3\u200al min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> oxygen by nasal cannula (apnoeic oxygenation group) or no oxygen (control group). Laryngoscopy and intubation was undertaken by a trainee anaesthesiologist.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The primary outcome was the lowest value of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) during laryngoscopy and intubation. Secondary outcomes were the number of children whose SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> dropped to 95%, from 92% to &lt; 95%, and below 92% and the incidence of bradycardia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean\u200a\u00b1\u200aSD of lowest SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values was 99.95\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.29% in the apnoeic oxygenation group and 98.37\u200a\u00b1\u200a4.60% in the control group (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\u200a0.009). No fall of SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> occurred in any patient in the apnoeic oxygenation group in spite of a longer apnoea time (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.012). In the control group, 43 patients had no fall in SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), in 12 patients there was a fall in SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to 95% (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\u200a0.004), in one patient SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fell to 92 to &lt;95% (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\u200a0.315) and in four patients SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fell below 92% (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\u200a0.038). There was no incidence of bradycardia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Apnoeic oxygenation using a nasal cannula was effective in preventing oxygen desaturation during laryngoscopy and intubation in children as compared with those who did not receive apnoeic oxygenation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI\/2020\/01\/022724 (www.ctri.nic.in).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/ea9.0000000000000034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T07:00:05Z","timestamp":1695279605000},"page":"e0034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low-flow oxygen delivery using a nasal cannula for apnoeic oxygenation in children 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