{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:35:39Z","timestamp":1771572939162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-2 variants, has become a global pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hypoxemia, hyperinflammation, cytokine storm in lung. Clinical studies have reported an association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with CVD tend to develop severe symptoms and mortality if contracted COVID-19 with further elevations of cardiac injury biomarkers. Furthermore, COVID-19 itself can induce and promoted CVD development, including myocarditis, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, and venous thromboembolism. Although the direct etiology of SARS-CoV-2\u2013induced cardiac injury remains unknown and underinvestigated, it is suspected that it is related to myocarditis, cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular injury, and stress-related cardiomyopathy. Despite vaccinations having provided the most effective approach to reducing mortality overall, an adapted treatment paradigm and regular monitoring of cardiac injury biomarkers is critical for improving outcomes in vulnerable populations at risk for severe COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the latest progress in clinic and research on the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 and provide a perspective of treating cardiac complications deriving from COVID-19 in emergency medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/ec9.0000000000000095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1685610035000},"page":"104-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications: updates of emergency medicine"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jianli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinliang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore A.","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25722","article-title":"Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib2-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa231","article-title":"Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10223","key":"bib5-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1828","article-title":"Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"33","key":"bib7-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib8-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2411","article-title":"The COVID heart-one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients have an array of increased cardiovascular risks","volume":"327","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib9-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000094737.21775.32","article-title":"Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study","volume":"108","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9371","key":"bib10-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13412-5","article-title":"Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study","volume":"361","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib11-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1286","article-title":"Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib12-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib14-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib15-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01626-9","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China","volume":"109","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib17-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.001","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib19-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib20-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047008","article-title":"High-sensitivity cardiac troponin can be an ally in the fight against COVID-19","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549","article-title":"The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib22-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.10.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations and mechanisms in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23-20250817","first-page":"411","article-title":"A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies","volume":"49","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-1900","article-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection\u2014impact on cardiovascular system","volume":"94","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"key":"bib25-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109738","article-title":"Increased complications of COVID-19 in people with cardiovascular disease: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) dysregulation","volume":"351","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"bib26-20250817","first-page":"256294","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the renin angiotensin system in health and disease","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pept"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib27-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10224","key":"bib28-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib29-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050354","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 is a microvascular disease","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib31-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.032","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"183","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6483","key":"bib32-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.017","article-title":"One year of SARS-CoV-2 evolution","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib36-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"bib37-20250817","first-page":"m1091","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10229","key":"bib38-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib39-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3606","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy triggered by influenza a virus","volume":"54","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib40-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164","article-title":"The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib41-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000150734.79804.92","article-title":"Cytokine-induced modulation of cardiac function","volume":"95","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib42-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000744","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province","volume":"133","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib43-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib44-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1643-8","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib45-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0413-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib46-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa396","article-title":"Acute myocardial injury, MINOCA, or myocarditis? Improving characterization of coronavirus-associated myocardial involvement","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib47-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01424-5","article-title":"First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights","volume":"48","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib48-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa286","article-title":"Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib49-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa288","article-title":"COVID-19-related myocarditis in a 21-year-old female patient","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10234","key":"bib50-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib51-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-195-AODDTS","article-title":"Analysis of deaths during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Singapore: challenges in determining a SARS diagnosis","volume":"128","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib52-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009020","article-title":"ST-segment elevation in patients with Covid-19\u2014a case series","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib53-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib54-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.011","article-title":"Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib55-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009166","article-title":"Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in northern Italy","volume":"383","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib56-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa409","article-title":"Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib57-20250817","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Acute infection and myocardial infarction. Reply","volume":"380","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib58-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302699","article-title":"Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"114","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib59-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz160","article-title":"The many faces of myocardial ischaemia and angina","volume":"115","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib60-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy148","article-title":"Mechanical stretch on endothelial cells interconnects innate and adaptive immune response in hypertension","volume":"114","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib61-20250817","first-page":"575","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib62-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1879","article-title":"Endothelial function assessment in atherosclerosis: comparison of brachial artery flowmediated vasodilation and peripheral arterial tonometry","volume":"123","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib63-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12805","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12805","article-title":"Electrocardiograhic characteristics in patients with coronavirus infection: a single-center observational study","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib64-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047525","article-title":"ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with COVID-19: clinical and angiographic outcomes","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib65-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2019.05.009","article-title":"Prognostic impact of high sensitive troponin T in patients with influenza virus infection: a retrospective analysis","volume":"49","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib66-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.031","article-title":"Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib67-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18229","article-title":"Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"313","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib68-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112518","article-title":"Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy","volume":"146","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib69-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2","volume":"126","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib70-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib71-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2021.10.004","article-title":"COVID-19, acute myocardial injury, and infarction","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Card Electrophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib72-20250817","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity and human atrial fibrillation: increased plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is associated with atrial fibrillation and more advanced left atrial structural remodelling","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib73-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16048-4","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7047","key":"bib74-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib75-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib76-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6891","key":"bib77-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00786","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function","volume":"417","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib78-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.219279","article-title":"Genetic Ace2 deficiency accentuates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in the ApoE knockout mouse","volume":"107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib79-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.59","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"bib80-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.12.002","article-title":"Targeting the renin-angiotensin system as novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary diseases","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"21","key":"bib81-20250817","first-page":"e823","article-title":"Guidance for cardiac electrophysiology during the COVID-19 pandemic from the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 Task Force; Electrophysiology Section of the American College of Cardiology; and the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib82-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0188","article-title":"Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"bib83-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib84-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112508","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 infection","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib85-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib86-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1821","key":"bib87-20250817","first-page":"20143085","article-title":"Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age","volume":"282","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib88-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib89-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245","article-title":"The assessment of endothelial function: from research into clinical practice","volume":"126","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib90-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000051384.43104.FC","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk","volume":"23","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib91-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib92-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050907","article-title":"Endotheliopathy is induced by plasma from critically ill patients and associated with organ failure in severe COVID-19","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib93-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib94-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2124","article-title":"Clinical features of severe patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"10239","key":"bib95-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib96-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110352","article-title":"Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer","volume":"366","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9404","key":"bib97-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15326-3","article-title":"Role of interleukin 6 in myocardial dysfunction of meningococcal septic shock","volume":"363","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib98-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"116","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"bib99-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107343","article-title":"Different characteristics of critical COVID-19 and thinking of treatment strategies in non-elderly and elderly severe adult patients","volume":"92","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib100-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.09.008","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in COVID-19","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"issue":"10162","key":"bib101-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33011-3","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial begins for Ebola therapeutics","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib102-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10236","key":"bib103-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","article-title":"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib104-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib105-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib106-20250817","first-page":"1824","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review","volume":"323","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib107-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1732-2","article-title":"Low dose of hydroxychloroquine reduces fatality of critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib108-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410","article-title":"Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib109-20250817","first-page":"e906","article-title":"Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 treatment","volume":"141","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib110-20250817","first-page":"155","article-title":"Azithromycin, cardiovascular risks, QTc interval prolongation, torsade de pointes, and regulatory issues: a narrative review based on the study of case reports","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib111-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.041","article-title":"Anticoagulation, bleeding, mortality, and pathology in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"76","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib112-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2465","article-title":"Coagulopathy, venous thromboembolism, and anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"10229","key":"bib113-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib114-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib115-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","volume":"117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib116-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.031","article-title":"Pro-atherogenic lipid changes and decreased hepatic LDL receptor expression by tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"229","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib117-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.279206","article-title":"Association between influenza vaccination and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib118-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101124","article-title":"Effects of influenza vaccination on the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and all-cause mortality","volume":"62","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib121-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf1374","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf1374","article-title":"Vaccine optimization for COVID-19: who to vaccinate first?","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib124-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.08.011","article-title":"COVID-19 cardiac arrest management: a review for emergency clinicians","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib125-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib126-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib127-20250817","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"323","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib128-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1735265","article-title":"Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (V2.0)","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib129-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E41","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200343","article-title":"Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing","volume":"296","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"bib130-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.12.060","article-title":"Electrocardiographic manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib131-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.039","article-title":"Management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP)","volume":"76","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib132-20250817","first-page":"310","article-title":"Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with COVID-19","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib133-20250817","first-page":"665","article-title":"Cardiac injury is associated with severe outcome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib134-20250817","first-page":"e38","article-title":"Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib135-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01610-3","article-title":"Echocardiography in the era of COVID-19: lessons for the future","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib136-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.9655","article-title":"COVID-19 in 2022\u2014the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning?","volume":"327","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib138-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa190","article-title":"Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib139-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2020.04.025","article-title":"A recovered case of COVID-19 myocarditis and ARDS treated with corticosteroids, tocilizumab, and experimental AT-001","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib140-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14929","article-title":"Scientific and standardization committee communication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib141-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"75","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib142-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19: awareness of an increased prevalence","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib143-20250817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14830","article-title":"Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"}],"container-title":["Emergency and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/EC9.0000000000000095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T18:04:23Z","timestamp":1755453863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/EC9.0000000000000095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ec9.0000000000000095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2097-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2097-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}