{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:44:50Z","timestamp":1791240290798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National, state, and local policies contributed to a 65% reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants between 2005 and 2012 in the United States, providing an opportunity to directly quantify public health benefits attributable to these reductions under an air pollution accountability framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We estimate ZIP code-level changes in two different\u2014but related\u2014exposure metrics: total PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations and exposure to coal-fired power plant emissions. We associate changes in 10 health outcome rates among approximately 30 million US Medicare beneficiaries with exposure changes between 2005 and 2012 using two difference-in-difference regression approaches designed to mitigate observed and unobserved confounding.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rates per 10,000 person\u2013years of six cardiac and respiratory health outcomes\u2014all cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, cardiovascular stroke, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and respiratory tract infections\u2014decreased by between 7.89 and 1.95 per \n                                    \n                                       \n                                          \n                                             JOURNAL\/epide\/04.03\/00001648-201907000-00003\/inline-graphic1\/v\/2023-09-08T093821Z\/r\/image-tiff\n                                          \n                                       \n                                    \n                                  decrease in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , with comparable decreases in coal exposure leading to slightly larger rate decreases. Results for acute myocardial infarction, heart rhythm disorders, and peripheral vascular disease were near zero and\/or mixed between the various exposure metrics and analyses. A secondary analysis found that nonlinearities in relationships between changing health outcome rates and coal exposure may explain differences in their associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The direct analyses of emissions reductions estimate substantial health benefits via coal power plant emission and PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration reductions. Differing responses associated with changes in the two exposure metrics underscore the importance of isolating source-specific impacts from those due to total PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T14:24:04Z","timestamp":1559571844000},"page":"477-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Accountability Assessment of Health Improvements in the United States Associated with Reduced Coal Emissions Between 2005 and 2012"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lucas R. F.","family":"Henneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Choirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corwin M.","family":"Zigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. 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