{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:51:50Z","timestamp":1770328310078,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children's health indicators such as mortality and adverse birth outcomes are poorer in the United States than in comparable nations. These measures also show racial inequities within the United States, with Black children experiencing the highest levels. Mass incarceration may partially explain these findings. High incarceration rates can disrupt community functioning, influencing behavior and health. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a macro (state)-level analysis examining whether yearly state incarceration rates predict health outcomes including infant, child, and teen mortality as well as preterm birth and low birth weight. It was hypothesized that prior year incarceration rates would show positive relationships with all outcomes and that relationships would be stronger for Black than for white children. Yearly state-level panel data were gathered from 1990 to 2017. Weighted least squares regression used states' prior year incarceration rates to predict child health outcomes, using controls for overall state effects and year-to-year effects. Time-varying covariates such as state unemployment rate were also included to address the possibility of spurious relationships. Results indicated that as hypothesized, incarceration rates positively predicted infant mortality, child mortality (for Black children only), preterm births, and low-weight births. Relationships tended to be stronger for Black than for white children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/fch.0000000000000295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T19:00:37Z","timestamp":1614625237000},"page":"194-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mass Incarceration and Children's Health"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Conway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0767","article-title":"Child mortality in the US and 19 OECD comparator nations: a 50-year time-trend analysis","volume":"37","author":"Thakrar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"9","key":"R7-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headaches in adults","volume":"50","author":"Anda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"R8-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.05.029","article-title":"Health effects of family member incarceration in the United States: a meta-analysis and cost study","volume":"103","author":"Provencher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20174314","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4314","article-title":"Health care use and health behaviors among young adults with history of parental incarceration","volume":"142","author":"Heard-Garris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R10-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2012.59.2.228","article-title":"Imprisonment and infant mortality","volume":"59","author":"Wildeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"issue":"3","key":"R11-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301590","article-title":"Parental incarceration and child mortality in Denmark","volume":"104","author":"Wildeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2013.01.008","article-title":"Maternal and paternal imprisonment in the stress process","volume":"42","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"R17-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2012.00998.x","article-title":"Those they leave behind: paternal incarceration and maternal instrumental support","volume":"74","author":"Turney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022295802449","article-title":"The relation of social capital to child psychosocial adjustment difficulties: the role of positive parenting and neighborhood dangerousness","volume":"25","author":"Dorsey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"R19-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.04.017","article-title":"Pathways from neighborhood to neglect: the mediating effects of social support and parenting stress","volume":"66","author":"Maguire-Jack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"R20-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2219-2","article-title":"Unmet health care needs among children exposed to parental incarceration","volume":"21","author":"Turney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-018-0942-4","article-title":"Casualties of context? Risk of cognitive, behavioral and physical health difficulties among children living in high-incarceration neighborhoods","volume":"27","author":"Haskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"R22-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1086\/522360","article-title":"The effects of high imprisonment rates on communities","volume":"37","author":"Clear","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"R23-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7899-1-3","article-title":"Incarceration as a catalyst for worsening health","volume":"1","author":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"R25-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21678","article-title":"Neighborhood disorder, perceptions of neighborhood social capital, and maternal stress: exploration of a mediating mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"R26-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.03.012","article-title":"Separate and unequal: structural racism and infant mortality in the US","volume":"45","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"R27-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0085-z","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for low birth weight and their effect on cerebral palsy and mental retardation","volume":"11","author":"Collier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"12","key":"R28-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1536745","article-title":"Risk of cerebral palsy by gestational age among pregnancies at-risk for preterm birth","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12578","article-title":"The effects of preterm birth on visual development","volume":"101","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"6","key":"R30-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1249284","article-title":"Preterm birth and low birth weight continue to increase the risk of asthma from age 7 to 43","volume":"54","author":"Matheson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"4","key":"R31-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0860","article-title":"The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Callaghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R32-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.012","article-title":"Causes of intrauterine growth restriction and the postnatal development of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1092","author":"Valsamakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"R33-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.09.006","article-title":"The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring","volume":"19","author":"Weinstock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R34-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0775-x","article-title":"Effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the risk for preterm birth","volume":"16","author":"Lilliecreutz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"R35-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2015.02.003","article-title":"The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Staneva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2012.752659","article-title":"Coping during pregnancy: a systematic review and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Guardino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R37-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2690-z","article-title":"Mass incarceration and public health: the association between Black jail incarceration and adverse birth outcomes among Black women in Louisiana","volume":"19","author":"Dyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"R38-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112856","article-title":"County-level jail incarceration and preterm birth among non-Hispanic Black and White U.S. women, 1999-2015","volume":"250","author":"Jahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00426-w","article-title":"Neighborhood-level mass incarceration and future preterm birth risk among African American women","volume":"97","author":"Sealy-Jefferson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R48-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128708328864","article-title":"The impact of mass incarceration on poverty","volume":"59","author":"DeFina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crime Delinq"},{"key":"R49-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2053","article-title":"Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational re-searchers","volume":"37","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"R50-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110369842","article-title":"Methodological urban legends: the misuse of statistical control variables","volume":"14","author":"Spector","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"R51-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2018.1424230","article-title":"Revisiting the relationship between the economy and crime: the role of the shadow economy","volume":"36","author":"Rocque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"11","key":"R52-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14215","article-title":"Parental education and family income affect birthweight, early longitudinal growth and body mass index development differently","volume":"107","author":"Bramsved","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"R53-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080499","article-title":"Low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm births before and after the economic collapse in Iceland: a population based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Eir\u00edksd\u00f3ttir","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553041502216","article-title":"Booms, busts, and babies' health","volume":"119","author":"Dehejia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"issue":"9","key":"R58-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205387","article-title":"Mother's education and the risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth: a DRIVERS meta-analysis of 12 European cohorts","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R59-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/14624740122228249","article-title":"Governing social marginality","volume":"3","author":"Beckett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Punishm Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R60-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304218","article-title":"Medicaid expansion and infant mortality in the United States","volume":"108","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"R61-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.05.013","article-title":"Welfare reform, time limits, and infant health","volume":"27","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"R63-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0493-7","article-title":"Geographic variation in the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"R64-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2307\/1913610","article-title":"A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix","volume":"55","author":"Newey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"7","key":"R67-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.086561","article-title":"Disproportionate rates of incarceration contribute to health disparities","volume":"96","author":"Gaiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R68-20250506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885510382085","article-title":"The impact of adult incarceration on child poverty: a county-level analysis, 1995-2007","volume":"90","author":"DeFina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prison J"}],"container-title":["Family &amp; Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T22:02:34Z","timestamp":1746568954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000295"}},"subtitle":["A State-Level Analysis of Adverse Birth Outcomes and Infant, Child, and Teen Mortality"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/fch.0000000000000295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-6379"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-6379","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]}}}