{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:39:38Z","timestamp":1793399978629,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Drug use during pregnancy is a critical global challenge, capable of severe impacts on neonatal development. However, the consumption of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids is on the rise in pregnant women. Obstetric complications with increased risks of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and brain development impairment have been associated with perinatal cannabis exposure, but data on synthetic cannabinoid use during pregnancy are limited.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed studies that investigated the risks associated with cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid use and those that reported the concentrations of cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids in maternal (breast milk) and neonatal (placenta, umbilical cord, meconium, and hair) matrices during human pregnancy. A MEDLINE and EMBASE literature search to identify all relevant articles published in English from January 1998 to April 2019 was performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of adverse obstetrical outcomes, although neurobehavioral effects are still unclear. Analyses of cannabinoids in meconium are well documented, but further research on other unconventional matrices is needed. Adverse effects due to perinatal synthetic cannabinoid exposure are still unknown, and analytical data are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Awareness of the hazards of drug use during pregnancy should be improved to encourage health care providers to urge pregnant women to abstain from cannabis and, if cannabis-dependent, seek treatment. Moreover, substances used throughout pregnancy should be monitored as a deterrent to cannabis use, and potential cannabis-dependent women should be identified, so as to limit cannabis-fetal exposure during gestation, and provided appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/ftd.0000000000000667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T16:24:09Z","timestamp":1562171049000},"page":"194-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Monitoring Perinatal Exposure to Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Carlier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Universit\u00e0 La Sapienza, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn A.","family":"Huestis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Zaami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Universit\u00e0 La Sapienza, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Pichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco P.","family":"Busard\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.004","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: a comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history","volume":"227","author":"Bonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"R2-20230814","first-page":"61","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology of phytocannabinoids","volume":"103","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Chem Org Nat Prod."},{"key":"R3-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0380-8","article-title":"Safety and toxicology of cannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Sachs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"R5-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2015.1137307","article-title":"Metabolomics of \u03b49-tetrahydrocannabinol: implications in toxicity","volume":"48","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev."},{"key":"R6-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.050245","article-title":"Drug metabolism and transport during pregnancy: how does drug disposition change during pregnancy and what are the mechanisms that cause such changes?","volume":"41","author":"Isoherranen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos."},{"key":"R7-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0067","article-title":"Marijuana use during stages of pregnancy in the United States","volume":"166","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"R8-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17383","article-title":"Trends in marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women, 2002\u20132014","volume":"317","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"R9-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17225","article-title":"Trends in self-reported and biochemically tested marijuana use among pregnant females in California from 2009\u20132016","volume":"318","author":"Young-Wolff","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"R10-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0148-0","article-title":"Trends and correlates of cannabis use in pregnancy: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada from 2012 to 2017","volume":"110","author":"Corsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Public Health."},{"key":"R11-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2014.05.008","article-title":"Pregnancy and substance use in France: a literature review","volume":"43","author":"Dumas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod."},{"key":"R12-20230814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.695","article-title":"Exposure to tobacco, alcohol and drugs of abuse during pregnancy. 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