{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:53:12Z","timestamp":1793994792066,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ganciclovir is the mainstay of therapy for the prophylaxis and treatment of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cytomegalovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, therapy with this antiviral agent is hindered by side effects such as myelosuppression, which often leads to therapy cessation. Underdosing, as an attempt to prevent side effects, can lead to drug resistance and therapy failure. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been used to overcome these problems. The purpose of this narrative review was to give an overview of ganciclovir TDM, available assays, population pharmacokinetic models, and discuss the current knowledge gaps.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this narrative review, a nonsystematic literature search was performed on the PubMed database in April 2021. The following search terms were used: ganciclovir, valganciclovir, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, population pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring, bioassay, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, chromatography, spectrophotometry, and toxicity. In addition, the reference lists of the included articles were screened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most common bioanalysis method identified was liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. There are different models presenting ganciclovir IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ; however, establishing a pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic target for ganciclovir based on preclinical data is difficult because there are no studies combining dynamic drug exposure in relation to inhibition of viral replication. The data on ganciclovir TDM show large interindividual variability, indicating that TDM may play a role in modifying the dose to reduce toxicity and prevent treatment failure related to low concentrations. The main hurdle for implementing TDM is the lack of robust data to define a therapeutic window.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the pharmacokinetics (PK) involved is relatively well-described, both the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic relationship are not. This is because the studies conducted to date have mainly focused on estimating ganciclovir exposure, and owing to the limited therapeutic options for CMV infections, future studies on ganciclovir are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/ftd.0000000000000925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T21:57:51Z","timestamp":1633557471000},"page":"138-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Ganciclovir: Where Are We?"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6478-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Grete","family":"M\u00e4rtson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela E.","family":"Edwina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia;"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Knoester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan J.","family":"Touw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke G. G.","family":"Sturkenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Willem C.","family":"Alffenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia;"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"R1-20250603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12006","article-title":"CMV: prevention, diagnosis and 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