{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:30:24Z","timestamp":1792661424931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182a122c2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T00:53:23Z","timestamp":1377651203000},"page":"888-902","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":525,"title":["Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"20","member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067423","article-title":"A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States.","volume":"357","author":"Lindau","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R2-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01335.x","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of vaginal symptoms among postmenopausal women.","volume":"6","author":"Santoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R3-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2011.647840","article-title":"Vaginal Health: Insights, Views Attitudes (VIVA)results from an international survey.","volume":"15","author":"Nappi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R6-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.06.019","article-title":"Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Womens Health Initiative.","volume":"49","author":"Pastore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"R8-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00113-2","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha and beta expression in the vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments of premenopausal and postmenopausal women.","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R9-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.119627","article-title":"Expression of estrogen receptor isoforms alpha and beta messenger RNA in vaginal tissue of premenopausal and postmenopausal women.","volume":"185","author":"Gebhart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R10-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10056.x","article-title":"An immunohistochemical study of androgen, oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the vulva and vagina.","volume":"105","author":"Hodgins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R11-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31823b8983","article-title":"Systemic and topical hormone therapies reduce vaginal innervation density in postmenopausal women.","volume":"19","author":"Griebling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R13-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3180587eb5","article-title":"Estrogen modulation of epithelial permeability in cervical-vaginal cells of premenopausal and postmenopausal women.","volume":"14","author":"Gorodeski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R14-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70338-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora.","volume":"182","author":"Donders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R15-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.12.015","article-title":"Vaginal pH is similar to follicle-stimulating hormone for menopause diagnosis.","volume":"190","author":"Roy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R16-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women.","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R17-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02840.x","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques.","volume":"118","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R18-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11196","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01899-08","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus.","volume":"83","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R19-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1086\/367658","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.","volume":"36","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/375819","article-title":"Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis.","volume":"37","author":"Cherpes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80024-0","article-title":"Microbial interactions in the vaginal ecosystem, with emphasis on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.","volume":"1","author":"Pybus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R22-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1086\/315127","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition.","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1086\/515635","article-title":"Inverse association of H2O2-producing lactobacilli and vaginal Escherichia coli colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infections.","volume":"178","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026602","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and epithelial gene array in post-menopausal women with moderate to severe dryness.","volume":"6","author":"Hummelen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R25-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2003.08.009","article-title":"Review and re-analysis of domain-specific 16S primers.","volume":"55","author":"Baker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"R26-5-20210211","first-page":"217","article-title":"The maturing of microbial ecology.","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"R27-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3676406","article-title":"Application of sequence-based methods in human microbial ecology.","volume":"16","author":"Weng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"R28-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1829-1831.2004","article-title":"Detection of Atopobium vaginae in postmenopausal women by cultivation-independent methods warrants further investigation.","volume":"42","author":"Burton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R29-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228","article-title":"The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on womens health and disease.","volume":"343","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R30-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.040592","article-title":"Rapid fluctuation of the vaginal microbiota measured by Gram stain analysis.","volume":"86","author":"Brotman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R33-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31819748fd","article-title":"The sexual health benefits of oral low-dose estrogen plus progestogen and vaginal estrogen for postmenopausal women.","volume":"16","author":"Kingsberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R34-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1258\/136218006779160535","article-title":"Sexuality and the menopause.","volume":"12","author":"Wylie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Br Menopause Soc"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"R35-5-20210211","first-page":"85S","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction.","volume":"104","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R36-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3109\/13697139909038085","article-title":"Factors affecting sexual functioning of women in the mid-life years.","volume":"2","author":"Dennerstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R37-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31821f92df","article-title":"Management of vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: an up-to-date review.","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R38-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-2-96","article-title":"The influence of endocrine effects of adjuvant therapy on quality of life outcomes in younger breast cancer survivors.","volume":"11","author":"Knobf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"R39-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.8.2371","article-title":"Predictors of sexual health in women after a breast cancer diagnosis.","volume":"17","author":"Ganz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R40-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0222-0","article-title":"Radiation-induced morphological changes in the vagina.","volume":"188","author":"Kirchheiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"R41-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000151655.10243.48","article-title":"Menopause symptoms and quality of life in women aged 45 to 65 years with and without breast cancer.","volume":"12","author":"Conde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R42-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200103000-00006","article-title":"Factors related to sexual function in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer.","volume":"8","author":"Greendale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R43-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.2499","article-title":"Sexual problems in younger women after breast cancer surgery.","volume":"24","author":"Burwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R44-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010901)92:5<1288::AID-CNCR1450>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the quality of life of younger women with breast carcinoma: a prospective study.","volume":"92","author":"Arora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R45-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.13.1054","article-title":"Managing menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results of a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"92","author":"Ganz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R46-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01806673","article-title":"Breast cancer survivors: psychosocial concerns and quality of life.","volume":"38","author":"Ganz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"R47-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e31826560da","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in women on adjuvant endocrine therapy after breast cancer.","volume":"20","author":"Baumgart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R50-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.11.181","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in MA.17: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women.","volume":"23","author":"Whelan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R51-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.029","article-title":"Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial.","volume":"22","author":"Fallowfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R54-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182117c9e","article-title":"Prognosis and treatment of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis.","volume":"117","author":"Sobel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R56-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182118790","article-title":"Vaginal pH-balanced gel for the control of atrophic vaginitis among breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R57-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(95)00955-8","article-title":"Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.","volume":"23","author":"Bygdeman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"R58-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56474-7","article-title":"Comparative study: Replens versus local estrogen in menopausal women.","volume":"61","author":"Nachtigall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R59-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048328","article-title":"Is wetter better An evaluation of over-the-counter personal lubricants for safety and anti-HIV-1 activity.","volume":"7","author":"Dezzutti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"R60-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31828786f8","article-title":"Intravaginal practices and risk of bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis infection among a cohort of women in the United States.","volume":"121","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R61-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318057787f","article-title":"Vaginal, endometrial, and reproductive hormone findings: randomized placebo-controlled trial of black cohosh, multibotanical herbs, and dietary soy for vasomotor symptoms: The Herbal Alternatives for Menopause (HALT) Study.","volume":"15","author":"Reed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R62-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824b970a","article-title":"The 2012 hormone therapy position paper of The North American Menopause Society.","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R63-5-20210211","first-page":"799","article-title":"Recent advances in hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"R64-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000227401.98933.0b","article-title":"A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the vaginal vascularization and sexual function in hysterectomized postmenopausal women.","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R66-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09741.x","article-title":"A comparative study of safety and efficacy of continuous low dose oestradiol released from a vaginal ring compared with conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal urogenital atrophy.","volume":"103","author":"Ayton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R67-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(95)00963-9","article-title":"Clinical trial of the estradiol vaginal ring in the U.S.","volume":"22","author":"Nachtigall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"R68-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2001.tb01266.x","article-title":"The effect of estradiol vaginal tablet and conjugated estrogen cream on urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: a comparative study.","volume":"27","author":"Manonai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R69-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007030-00005","article-title":"17beta-estradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis.","volume":"7","author":"Rioux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R70-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(96)02612-7","article-title":"Continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring versus estriol vaginal cream for urogenital atrophy.","volume":"7","author":"Barentsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R71-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920050040","article-title":"Local treatment of urogenital atrophy with an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring: a comparative and a placebo-controlled multicenter study. Vaginal Ring Study Group.","volume":"10","author":"Casper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"R72-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90074-4","article-title":"A comparative multicenter study of the effects of continuous low-dose estradiol released from a new vaginal ring versus estriol vaginal pessaries in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital atrophy.","volume":"171","author":"Henriksson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R73-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb10408.x","article-title":"Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms.","volume":"107","author":"Lose","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R74-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500087016","article-title":"Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet.","volume":"8","author":"Weisberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R75-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(92)90059-8","article-title":"Low-dose 17 beta-estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a double-blind placebo controlled study.","volume":"44","author":"Eriksen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R76-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079004293.x","article-title":"Comparison of usefulness of estradiol vaginal tablets and estriol vagitories for treatment of vaginal atrophy.","volume":"79","author":"Dugal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R77-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(91)90092-5","article-title":"Efficacy of sustained-release vaginal oestriol in alleviating urogenital and systemic climacteric complaints.","volume":"13","author":"Foidart","year":"1991","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"R78-5-20210211","first-page":"159","article-title":"Efficiency of vaginal ovules of estriol for treatment of symptoms of menopause.","volume":"19","author":"Garcia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investigacion Medica Internacional"},{"key":"R80-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309093291102","article-title":"A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections.","volume":"329","author":"Raz","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R81-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70597-1","article-title":"A randomized, open, parallel-group study on the preventive effect of an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) on recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women.","volume":"180","author":"Eriksen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R82-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182104977","article-title":"Randomized trial of estradiol vaginal ring versus oral oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder.","volume":"18","author":"Nelken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R83-5-20210211","first-page":"CD001405","article-title":"Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women.","volume":"10","author":"Cody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R85-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.8.935","article-title":"Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence.","volume":"293","author":"Hendrix","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R88-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.342","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone use and the risk of nephrolithiasis: results from the Womens Health Initiative hormone therapy trials.","volume":"170","author":"Maalouf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R89-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2378","article-title":"Comparison of methods to measure low serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal women.","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R90-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000292492","article-title":"Release of 17-beta-oestradiol from a vaginal ring in postmenopausal women: pharmacokinetic evaluation.","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"R91-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122143","article-title":"Endometrial thickness and uterine diameter not affected by ultralow doses of 17beta-estradiol in elderly women.","volume":"186","author":"Naessen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R92-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200205000-00006","article-title":"Treatment of urogenital atrophy with low-dose estradiol: preliminary results.","volume":"9","author":"Santen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R93-5-20210211","first-page":"556","article-title":"Estradiol absorption from vaginal tablets in postmenopausal women.","volume":"99","author":"Notelovitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R94-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2010.483297","article-title":"Minimized estradiol absorption with ultra-low-dose 10 microg 17beta-estradiol vaginal tablets.","volume":"13","author":"Eugster-Hausmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R95-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197801262980406","article-title":"Absorption of estrogens from vaginal creams.","volume":"298","author":"Rigg","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R96-5-20210211","first-page":"215","article-title":"Vaginal administration of low-dose conjugated estrogens: systemic absorption and effects on the endometrium.","volume":"84","author":"Handa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R98-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3182241f1a","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis in postmenopausal women: the role of hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"R99-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01238.x","article-title":"Oestrogen, glycogen and vaginal candidiasis.","volume":"41","author":"Dennerstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R100-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2010.481058","article-title":"Endometrial safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem 10 microg in postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy.","volume":"13","author":"Ulrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R101-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31818aa7c3","article-title":"Effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with an ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablet.","volume":"112","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R102-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e31828865a5","article-title":"2012 NAMSPfizerWulf H. Utian Endowed Lecture. Scientific rational for postmenopause delay in the use of conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women that causes reduction in breast cancer incidence and mortality.","volume":"20","author":"Obiorah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R103-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130802461208","article-title":"Effect of endogenous estradiol levels on bone resorption and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a prospective study.","volume":"12","author":"Mastaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R104-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130410001713788","article-title":"Low levels of endogenous estradiol protect bone mineral density in young postmenopausal women.","volume":"7","author":"Bagur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R105-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.341","article-title":"Placement of the vaginal 17beta-estradiol tablets in the inner or outer one third of the vagina affects the preferential delivery of 17beta-estradiol toward the uterus or periurethral areas, thereby modifying efficacy and endometrial safety.","volume":"189","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R107-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00270-6","article-title":"Transvaginal administration of progesterone.","volume":"90","author":"Fanchin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R108-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70297-7","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of endometrial effects of a vaginal progesterone gel in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women.","volume":"177","author":"Ross","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R109-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48550.x","article-title":"The first uterine pass effect.","volume":"828","author":"De Ziegler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R110-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.161","article-title":"Progress and prospects in treating postmenopausal vaginal atrophy.","volume":"89","author":"Winneker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R111-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3109\/09513591003632258","article-title":"Low-dose vaginal estrogens or vaginal moisturizer in breast cancer survivors with urogenital atrophy: a preliminary study.","volume":"26","author":"Biglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R112-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj127","article-title":"Caution: vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors.","volume":"17","author":"Kendall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"R113-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R535","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1035","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy after breast cancer: a meta-analysis and critical appraisal of the evidence.","volume":"7","author":"Col","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"R114-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2198-y","article-title":"Local estrogen therapy and risk of breast cancer recurrence among hormone-treated patients: a nested case-control study.","volume":"135","author":"Le Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"R115-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2011.000352","article-title":"Effects of vaginal estrogens on serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors and women at risk of breast cancer taking an aromatase inhibitor or a selective estrogen receptor modulator.","volume":"8","author":"Wills","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"R122-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a48c4e","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose regimens of conjugated estrogens cream administered vaginally.","volume":"16","author":"Bachmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R124-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181f386bb","article-title":"Endometrial safety of ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablets.","volume":"116","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"R126-5-20210211","first-page":"56S","article-title":"Genitourinary tract changes.","volume":"104","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R134-5-20210211","first-page":"558","article-title":"Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene.","volume":"93","author":"Davies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R136-5-20210211","first-page":"45","article-title":"Influence of raloxifene on the efficacy of an estradiol-releasing ring for treating vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.","volume":"10","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R138-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.18.1371","article-title":"Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study.","volume":"90","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R142-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200512020-00020","article-title":"Lasofoxifene (LASO), a next generation selective estrogen response modulator (SERM) improves dyspareunia in postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy (VA) abstract.","volume":"12","author":"Bachmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R143-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.03.113","article-title":"Evaluation of bazedoxifeneconjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and effects on metabolic parameters and overall safety profile.","volume":"92","author":"Lobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R144-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181b7c65f","article-title":"A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial of bazedoxifeneconjugated estrogens for treatment of moderate to severe vulvarvaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.","volume":"17","author":"Kagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R145-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31819e8e2d","article-title":"Intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone), a physiological and highly efficient treatment of vaginal atrophy.","volume":"16","author":"Labrie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R146-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590903511547","article-title":"High internal consistency and efficacy of intravaginal DHEA for vaginal atrophy.","volume":"26","author":"Labrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R148-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-0435","article-title":"Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase III study.","volume":"16","author":"Witherby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"R149-5-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2012.657589","article-title":"The use of hormone therapy for the maintenance of urogynecological and sexual health post WHI.","volume":"15","author":"Nappi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climacteric"}],"container-title":["Menopause"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00042192-201309000-00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T05:34:09Z","timestamp":1715924049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00042192-201309000-00005"}},"subtitle":["2013 position statement of The North American Menopause Society"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182a122c2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1072-3714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1072-3714","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}}}