{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:40:08Z","timestamp":1787060408163,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0b013e328349666d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T08:03:35Z","timestamp":1309766615000},"page":"1749-1756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["No effect of ultraviolet radiation on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Scragg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malakai","family":"Ofanoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngaire","family":"Kerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Dyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlene M.M.","family":"Lawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.317","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D.","volume":"135","author":"Hollis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R2-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R3-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study.","volume":"168","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R4-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340","article-title":"Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.","volume":"168","author":"Dobnig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R5-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq112","article-title":"Anticancer vitamins du Jour: the ABCEDs so far.","volume":"172","author":"Byers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R7-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension.","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R8-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","volume":"20","author":"Scragg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"R9-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)90681-4","article-title":"Receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in a vascular smooth muscle cell line derived from rat aorta.","volume":"146","author":"Kawashima","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"R10-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140160","article-title":"Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions.","volume":"56","author":"Vaidya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R11-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29449","article-title":"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets.","volume":"116","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R12-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/10.4.337","article-title":"Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation.","volume":"10","author":"Scragg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R13-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.150","article-title":"Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences.","volume":"30","author":"Rostand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R14-12-20210227","first-page":"S143","article-title":"Influence of ultraviolet irradiation on plasma vitamin D and calcitonin levels in humans.","volume":"27","author":"Kokot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"R15-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60827-6","article-title":"Ultraviolet B and blood pressure.","volume":"352","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R16-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/14.1.32","article-title":"Sick individuals and sick populations.","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R17-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.3.460","article-title":"Diagnosing insulin resistance in the general population.","volume":"24","author":"McAuley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R18-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2813","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","volume":"27","author":"Scragg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R19-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"92","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R20-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0118-x","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of New Zealanders aged 15 years and older.","volume":"17","author":"Rockell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R21-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","article-title":"The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI.","volume":"124","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4065\/81.3.353","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health.","volume":"81","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R23-12-20210227","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure in relation to drug treatment and clinical trials.","volume":"8","author":"Conway","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"R24-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00692-0","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III.","volume":"30","author":"Looker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R25-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18","article-title":"Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes.","volume":"84","author":"Bischoff-Ferrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R26-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02181.x","article-title":"No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year.","volume":"267","author":"Jorde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R27-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01778.x","article-title":"Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels in relation to blood pressure: a population-based study in older men and women.","volume":"261","author":"Snijder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R28-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32832f075b","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Witham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"R29-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009","article-title":"Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes.","volume":"152","author":"Pittas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R30-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.199","article-title":"Vitamin D and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the current evidence.","volume":"24","author":"Geleijnse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"R31-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1987.tb10959.x","article-title":"Blood pressure is lowered by vitamin D (alphacalcidol) during long-term treatment of patients with intermittent hypercalcaemia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"222","author":"Lind","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"R32-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1988.tb15789.x","article-title":"Reduction of blood pressure by treatment with alphacalcidol. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.","volume":"223","author":"Lind","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"R33-12-20210227","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women.","volume":"86","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R34-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.717","article-title":"Relationship of mineral metabolism and long-term calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation to blood pressure in normotensive men.","volume":"52","author":"Orwoll","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R35-12-20210227","first-page":"640","article-title":"Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults.","volume":"49","author":"Scragg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R36-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.754","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"83","author":"Schleithoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R37-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114991","article-title":"Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Womens Health Initiative Randomized Trial.","volume":"52","author":"Margolis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R38-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27004","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers.","volume":"89","author":"Zittermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R39-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0020-3","article-title":"Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.","volume":"48","author":"Jorde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"R40-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.207019","article-title":"Whole body UVA irradiation lowers systemic blood pressure by release of nitric oxide from intracutaneous photolabile nitric oxide derivates.","volume":"105","author":"Oplander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R41-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","article-title":"Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite.","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R42-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.01.011","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D, cholesterol, and ultraviolet irradiation.","volume":"57","author":"Carbone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"R43-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1009178","article-title":"Insulin secretion and plasma 1,25-(OH)2D after UV-B irradiation in healthy adults.","volume":"21","author":"Colas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"R44-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.06.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"51","author":"Grandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"R45-12-20210227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010","article-title":"Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events.","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328349666d","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T19:33:37Z","timestamp":1786044817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00004872-201109000-00012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hjh.0b013e328349666d","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.11883957.12989055","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0263-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-6352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}