{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:37:22Z","timestamp":1791916642945,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To determine clinical signs suggestive of tubercular etiology in retinal vasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective comparative study of patients who presented with retinal vasculitis at three tertiary care centers in India. All patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation and tailored laboratory investigations for etiological diagnosis. Tubercular etiology was diagnosed on basis on the presence of retinal periphlebitis in association with ancillary evidence of systemic tuberculosis and exclusion of nontuberculosis entities. Patients with tubercular (Group A) and nontubercular (Group B) etiology were compared for demographic characteristics, supportive diagnostic evidence, and specific ocular signs. Statistical analysis was performed at 5% confidence levels.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 114 patients diagnosed with retinal vasculitis, Group A had 69 patients (100 eyes) and Group B had 45 patients (75 eyes). Active or healed subvascular lesions (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.0001), focal vascular tortuosity (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.0001), and occlusive vasculitis (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) were significantly more common in Group A patients than in Group B patients. All three were independent predictors of tubercular etiology on multivariate regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The presence of healed or active subvascular lesions, focal vascular tortuosity, and occlusive vasculitis could be predictive of tubercular etiology in retinal vasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000002829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T19:45:23Z","timestamp":1588967123000},"page":"438-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF TUBERCULAR RETINAL VASCULITIS IN A HIGH-ENDEMIC COUNTRY"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hrishikesh","family":"Kaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute, KAR Campus, Hyderabad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudit","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute, KAR Campus, Hyderabad, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Pathengay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMRV Campus, Visakhapatnam, India; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumyava","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940591003828","article-title":"Retinal vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R2-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00499.x","article-title":"The pathology and pathogenesis of retinal vasculitis","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"R3-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.10.006","article-title":"Patients with retinal vasculitis rarely suffer from systemic vasculitis","volume":"41","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R4-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.11.020","article-title":"Ocular signs predictive of tubercular uveitis","volume":"149","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0739-4","article-title":"Review of people with retinal vasculitis and positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold test in an area non endemic for tuberculosis","volume":"38","author":"Brunner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000317605","article-title":"Ocular tuberculosis initially presenting as central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"1","author":"Mahyudin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.100933","article-title":"Presumed ocular tuberculosis presenting as a branch retinal vein occlusion in the absence of retinal vasculitis or uveitis","volume":"91","author":"O'Hearn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.015","article-title":"Intra-ocular tuberculosis\u2014an update","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940902818861","article-title":"Members of scientific committee of first international workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis; International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis; results of the first International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis","volume":"17","author":"Herbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R10-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.011","article-title":"Ocular tuberculosis: a clinicopathologic and molecular study","volume":"118","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R11-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.03.005","article-title":"Normalised quantitative polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of tuberculosis-associated uveitis","volume":"110","author":"Barik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"R12-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132007000300015","article-title":"Immunological diagnosis of tuberculosis: problems and strategies for success","volume":"33","author":"Teixeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia"},{"key":"R13-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200110000-00004","article-title":"PCR-positive tubercular retinal vasculitis. Clinical characteristics and management","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R14-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1940.00870040031002","article-title":"Tubercle within central retinal vein: haemorrhagic glaucoma; periphlebitis retinalis in other eye","volume":"24","author":"Verhoeff","year":"1940","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.7.533","article-title":"Primary tuberculosis of the retina","volume":"70","author":"Saini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20250609","first-page":"2192","volume":"119","author":"Basu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intraretinal Tuberculosis Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.07.012","article-title":"Tuberculous cerebrovascular disease. A review","volume":"59","author":"Lammie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R18-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028383","article-title":"Local ischemia and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor following ocular dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Thayil","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R19-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1780","article-title":"Neutralizing VEGF decreases tortuosity and alters endothelial cell division orientation in arterioles and veins in a rat model of ROP: relevance to plus disease","volume":"49","author":"Hartnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R20-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.03.027","article-title":"Approach to the diagnosis of the uveitides","volume":"156","author":"Jabs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.03.029","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial evaluating a standardized strategy for uveitis etiologic diagnosis (ULISSE)","volume":"178","author":"de Parisot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002194","article-title":"The collaborative ocular tuberculosis study (COTS)-1: a multinational review of 251 patients with tubercular retinal vasculitis","volume":"39","author":"Gunasekeran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R23-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12997","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of inflammatory retinal vascular occlusions: pooled data from two tertiary-referral institutions","volume":"46","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T16:01:17Z","timestamp":1749484877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000002829","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-004X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-004X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]}}}