{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:06:38Z","timestamp":1779174398656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund","award":["30-2023-0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-2023-0060"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology","award":["NRF-2021R1F1A1045417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1F1A1045417"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the clinical implications of choroidal hyperreflective foci (HF) as biomarkers of disease severity in Stargardt disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One hundred and twenty-nine eyes from 66 patients with Stargardt disease were included. The primary outcome was the correlation between the number of foveal choroidal HF and indicators of disease severity. Secondary outcome included a comparison of choroidal HF between the pathologic and healthy borders of atrophy, and the 2-year longitudinal change of foveal choroidal HF.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Long disease duration, thin central macular thickness, large definitely decreased autofluorescence area, atrophic foveal retinal pigment epithelium, high Fishman stage, and low visual acuity were associated with a higher number of foveal choroidal HF. Foveal retinal pigment epithelium involvement (\u03b2 = 0.522, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) was the most strongly correlated factor in multivariate analysis. Genotype\u2013phenotype relationships between the number of severe <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ABCA4<\/jats:italic> variants and choroidal HF could not be determined. The pathologic border had significantly more choroidal HF than the healthy border (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and the number of foveal choroidal HF increased over 2 years (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Choroidal HF could serve as a biomarker of disease severity in Stargardt disease, correlating with various severity indicators and especially reflecting the presence of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000004367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T21:37:36Z","timestamp":1733953056000},"page":"774-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CHOROIDAL HYPERREFLECTIVE FOCI AS BIOMARKERS OF SEVERITY IN STARGARDT DISEASE"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Seo Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang Ki","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Un Chul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu Hyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 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