{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:25:59Z","timestamp":1786119959043,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0b013e31821cb0cf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,11]],"date-time":"2011-06-11T02:52:37Z","timestamp":1307760757000},"page":"168-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["An Epidemiological Perspective of Ultraviolet Exposure\u2014Public Health Concerns"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Robyn M","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0403","article-title":"The evolution of human skin coloration.","volume":"39","author":"Jablonski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"R2-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)81008-4","article-title":"Melatonin: A multitasking molecule.","volume":"181","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"R3-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1258\/000456306778520142","article-title":"Human circadian rhythms: Physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin.","volume":"43","author":"Skene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R4-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00204-9","article-title":"Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation.","volume":"28","author":"Diffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"R5-2-20210128","first-page":"2165","article-title":"UV absorbance of the human cornea in the 240- to 400-nm range.","volume":"43","author":"Kolozsvari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R6-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-02-14-RA-439.1","article-title":"Exposure geometry and spectral environment determine photobiological effects on the human eye.","volume":"81","author":"Sliney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"R7-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1039\/b700018a","article-title":"The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change.","volume":"6","author":"Norval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"R8-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.11.734","article-title":"Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: A hypothesis.","volume":"77","author":"Coroneo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000149","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment options for ophthalmic pterygium: Trends and perspectives [review].","volume":"23","author":"Detorakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"R10-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169909","article-title":"Phototoxicity to the retina: Mechanisms of damage.","volume":"21","author":"Glickman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"R12-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00316.x","article-title":"Role of ocular melanin in ophthalmic physiology and pathology.","volume":"84","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"R13-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3996","article-title":"Prevention of UV-induced damage to the anterior segment using class I UV-absorbing hydrogel contact lenses.","volume":"51","author":"Chandler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R14-2-20210128","first-page":"344","article-title":"The effect of aqueous humor ascorbate on ultraviolet-B-induced DNA damage in lens epithelium.","volume":"39","author":"Reddy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R15-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0031","article-title":"The significance of ascorbate in the aqueous humour protection against UV-A and UV-B.","volume":"62","author":"Ringvold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R16-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb04567.x","article-title":"Aqueous humour and ultraviolet radiation.","volume":"58","author":"Ringvold","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"R17-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0444-x","article-title":"The effect of ultraviolet radiation on choroidal melanocytes and melanoma cell lines: Cell survival and matrix metalloproteinase production.","volume":"245","author":"Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes ArchClin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-2-20210128","first-page":"777","article-title":"Transmission of ocular media.","volume":"1","author":"Boettner","year":"1962","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R19-2-20210128","first-page":"932","article-title":"Ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation from 295 to 365 nm.","volume":"16","author":"Pitts","year":"1977","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R20-2-20210128","first-page":"102","article-title":"Acute ultraviolet B induced lens epithelial cell photo-damage and its repair process.","volume":"105","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"R21-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.06.009","article-title":"Evolution of damage in the lens after in vivo close to threshold exposure to UV-B radiation: Cytomorphological study of apoptosis.","volume":"91","author":"Galichanin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R22-2-20210128","first-page":"2596","article-title":"Action spectrum and recovery for in vitro UV-induced cataract using whole lenses.","volume":"42","author":"Oriowo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R23-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1687","article-title":"Ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation at high latitudes.","volume":"17","author":"Hietanen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"R24-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.002988","article-title":"Hazards of solar blue light.","volume":"47","author":"Okuno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"R25-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198909010-00005","article-title":"Solar retinopathy. A photobiologic and geophysical analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R26-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp90044c","article-title":"The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change.","volume":"10","author":"Norval","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"R28-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000086881.84657.98","article-title":"Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract.","volume":"14","author":"Neale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R29-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00320-0","article-title":"Ultraviolet B exposure and type of lens opacity in ophthalmic patients in Japan.","volume":"302","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"R30-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.11.1459","article-title":"Sunlight and other risk factors for cataracts: An epidemiologic study.","volume":"78","author":"Collman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R31-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10579","article-title":"Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia.","volume":"101","author":"Vajdic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R32-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.040","article-title":"Positive interaction between light iris color and ultraviolet radiation in relation to the risk of uveal melanoma: A case-control study.","volume":"116","author":"Schmidt-Pokrzywniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R33-2-20210128","first-page":"5773","article-title":"Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors.","volume":"50","author":"Holly","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R34-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.1.54","article-title":"The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: A meta-analysis.","volume":"124","author":"Weis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R35-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.3.393","article-title":"Mixed lens opacities and subsequent mortality.","volume":"118","author":"West","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150107018","article-title":"Prevalence of lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Study.","volume":"115","author":"Leske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00218-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of cataract in Australia.","volume":"128","author":"McCarty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.487","article-title":"Prevalence of cataract and pseudophakia\/aphakia among adults in the United States.","volume":"122","author":"Congdon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R40-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.8.1186","article-title":"Visual impairment, age-related cataract, and mortality.","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R41-2-20210128","first-page":"91","article-title":"Vision impairment predicts five-year mortality.","volume":"98","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"R42-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00542-X","article-title":"Lens opacities and mortality: The Barbados Eye Studies.","volume":"108","author":"Hennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R45-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.2.100","article-title":"Dehydrational crises: A major risk factor in blinding cataract.","volume":"73","author":"Minassian","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R46-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.127254","article-title":"The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: Part 1.","volume":"47","author":"Albert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R47-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)52577-X","article-title":"","volume":"176","year":"1910","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R48-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)00021-5","article-title":"The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: Part 3.","volume":"49","author":"Albert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R49-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197311)32:5<1275::AID-CNCR2820320537>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Norway, 1955-1970. Variations in time and space and solar radiation.","volume":"32","author":"Magnus","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R53-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23306.x","article-title":"Rapid and continuous increases in incidence rates of basal cell carcinoma in the southeast Netherlands since 1973.","volume":"123","author":"de Vries","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R54-2-20210128","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Changes in nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence between 1977-1978 and 1998-1999 in Northcentral New Mexico.","volume":"12","author":"Athas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"R55-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160108700502","article-title":"Trends in skin cancer incidence in Neuchatel, 1976-98.","volume":"87","author":"Levi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"R56-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.108977","article-title":"Time trends and geographical variation in cataract surgery rates in England: Study of surgical workload.","volume":"91","author":"Keenan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R57-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199311000-00003","article-title":"Changes in sun-related attitudes and behaviours, and reduced sunburn prevalence in a population at high risk of melanoma.","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R58-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11360","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of malignant cutaneous melanoma in Europe 1953-1997: Rising trends in incidence and mortality but recent stabilizations in Western Europe and decreases in Scandinavia.","volume":"107","author":"de Vries","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R59-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00086.x","article-title":"Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: The 2002 national survey and trends since 1985.","volume":"184","author":"Staples","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"R61-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1082","article-title":"Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses.","volume":"54","author":"Tuchinda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R62-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318194eae7","article-title":"Use of sunglasses in public outdoor recreation settings in Honolulu, Hawaii.","volume":"86","author":"Maddock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R63-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/09286589409052363","article-title":"Knowledge of sunlight effects on the eyes and protective behaviors in the general community.","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R64-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702619","article-title":"South Australian adolescent ophthalmic sun protective behaviours.","volume":"22","author":"Pakrou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R65-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.01.003","article-title":"Observed use of sunglasses in public outdoor settings around Melbourne, Australia: 1993 to 2002.","volume":"42","author":"Lagerlund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"R66-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690140054008","article-title":"High sun protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia.","volume":"131","author":"Naylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R67-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12168-2","article-title":"Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: A randomised controlled trial.","volume":"354","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R68-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01630.x","article-title":"Pterygium in Tibetans: A population-based study in China.","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exper Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R69-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.1.72","article-title":"The effect of sunglasses on ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation.","volume":"78","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R70-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.6sup_115","article-title":"Ambient solar UVR, personal exposure and protection.","volume":"9","author":"Gies","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R72-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900494","article-title":"The estimated benefits of vitamin D for Germany.","volume":"54","author":"Zittermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"R73-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09915.x","article-title":"Spectral properties of phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R74-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-02-15-IR-441","article-title":"UVR, Vitamin D and three autoimmune diseasesMultiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"81","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"R75-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Photoprotection and vitamin D status.","volume":"101","author":"Springbett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"R76-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001","article-title":"Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.","volume":"21","author":"Brainard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R77-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.019","article-title":"Considering the potential benefits as well as adverse effects of sun exposure: Can all the potential benefits be provided by oral vitamin D supplementation?","volume":"92","author":"Lucas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Eye &amp; Contact Lens: Science &amp; Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00140068-201107000-00002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T19:31:06Z","timestamp":1786044666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00140068-201107000-00002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icl.0b013e31821cb0cf","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-2321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-2321","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}}}