{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:16:06Z","timestamp":1786115766019,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Macrophages are at the critical interface of immunity and metabolism. Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, also known as meta-inflammation, has major implications in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. The infiltration and polarization of macrophages play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammatory responses, thereby reshaping the tissue microenvironment. Macrophages have unique phenotypical and functional plasticity, making them attractive as therapeutic targets. Nutrient-sensing ghrelin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone that functions through its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), and is known to trigger hunger sensation, stimulate food intake, and promote fat deposition. Emerging evidence indicates that ghrelin\/GHSR signaling is also a critical regulator of immunometabolism, modulating metabolic pathways in macrophages to enable their adaptation and functional responses to the tissue microenvironment. Here, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms of the ghrelin\/GHSR system in macrophage reprogramming in meta-inflammation. In particular, we demonstrate the infiltration and differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages, and their functional impacts on the development and progression of metabolic and inflammatory dysfunctions. The dynamic and multifaceted roles of ghrelin\/GHSR signaling in macrophage reprogramming could be leveraged to develop novel immunotherapies for meta-inflammatory conditions and diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/in9.0000000000000088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1785992434000},"page":"e00088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meta-inflammation through the lens of macrophage programming and nutrient-sensing ghrelin signaling"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hye Won","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Eshghjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhimanagouda S.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaodong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150118","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1150118","article-title":"Major roles of Kupffer cells and macrophages in NAFLD development.","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"723","key":"R2-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf9382","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf9382","article-title":"Metaflammation in obesity and its therapeutic targeting.","volume":"15","author":"Schleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00379.2020","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity.","volume":"320","author":"Kawai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4-20260806","first-page":"e22711","article-title":"Obesity: a chronic low-grade inflammation and its markers.","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R5-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14053","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14053","article-title":"Macrophages play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration.","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R6-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8945","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S527764","article-title":"Macrophages as multifaceted orchestrators of tissue repair: bridging inflammation, regeneration, and therapeutic innovation.","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255354","article-title":"Macrophages: master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis.","volume":"30","author":"Wynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00251-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses.","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"R9-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2025.171367","article-title":"The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of appetite in obesity.","volume":"186","author":"Skoracka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05516-2","article-title":"Harnessing adiponectin for sepsis: current knowledge, clinical insights and future therapies.","volume":"29","author":"Gianoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R11-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997578","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997578","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonist as a modulator of innate immunity.","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R13-20260806","first-page":"90","article-title":"Ghrelin\u2013physiological functions and regulation.","volume":"11","author":"Abdalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14-20260806","first-page":"1385138","article-title":"Physiological effect of ghrelin on body systems.","volume":"2020","author":"Akalu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"24","key":"R15-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221121635","article-title":"The expression and function of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in immune cells: a current perspective.","volume":"247","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100888","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor regulates adipose tissue inflammation in aging.","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17-20260806","first-page":"4527980","article-title":"The impact of ghrelin in metabolic diseases: an immune perspective.","volume":"2017","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"R18-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101852","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing growth hormone secretagogue receptor in macrophage programming and meta-inflammation.","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"R19-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2023.05.001","article-title":"Dynamics of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation to the erythroid lineage.","volume":"123","author":"Schippel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-019-0633-0","article-title":"New paradigms on hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"R21-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.03.013","article-title":"Early hematopoiesis and macrophage development.","volume":"27","author":"McGrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R22-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21280","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages in flow: an ESCCA initiative on advanced analyses of monocyte lineage using flow cytometry.","volume":"92","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"issue":"4","key":"R24-20260806","first-page":"53759","article-title":"The interaction of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in infection, inflammation, and cancer-implications for therapeutic intervention.","volume":"61","author":"Jeyaretnam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed J Sci Tech Res"},{"key":"R25-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114827","article-title":"Myeloid cell-mediated drug delivery: from nanomedicine to cell therapy.","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2012.666845","article-title":"CSF-1 signaling in macrophages: pleiotrophy through phosphotyrosine-based signaling pathways.","volume":"49","author":"Mouchemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"R27-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130930","article-title":"Langerhans cells are generated by two distinct PU.1-dependent transcriptional networks.","volume":"210","author":"Chopin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R28-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes and functions: resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis.","volume":"44","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R29-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00062","article-title":"Mechanisms of macrophage polarization in insulin signaling and sensitivity.","volume":"11","author":"Orliaguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R30-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76468","article-title":"NOTCH reprograms mitochondrial metabolism for proinflammatory macrophage activation.","volume":"125","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"94","key":"R31-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd1967","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add1967","article-title":"Resident tissue macrophages: key coordinators of tissue homeostasis beyond immunity.","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"7540","key":"R32-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors.","volume":"518","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"R33-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.023","article-title":"Environment drives selection and function of enhancers controlling tissue-specific macrophage identities.","volume":"159","author":"Gosselin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"R34-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.018","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophage enhancer landscapes are shaped by the local microenvironment.","volume":"159","author":"Lavin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6304","key":"R35-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf4238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4238","article-title":"Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis.","volume":"353","author":"Mass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02124-y","article-title":"Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets.","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"R37-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22814","article-title":"Microglia regulate synaptic development and plasticity.","volume":"81","author":"Andoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R38-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-026-01288-0","article-title":"Kupffer cells in liver homeostasis and disease: from immune sentinels to metabolic gatekeepers.","volume":"26","author":"Araujo David","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R39-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000987","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages: guardians of the alveolar lipid galaxy.","volume":"36","author":"Little","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R40-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-1955-5","article-title":"Macrophage function in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.","volume":"469","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"11","key":"R41-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112074","article-title":"Macrophages at the crossroad of meta-inflammation and inflammaging.","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"7966","key":"R42-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06002-x","article-title":"Physiology and diseases of tissue-resident macrophages.","volume":"618","author":"Lazarov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3325","article-title":"The role of the local environment and epigenetics in shaping macrophage identity and their effect on tissue homeostasis.","volume":"17","author":"Amit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R44-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847485","article-title":"Innate immune cells orchestrate the repair of sterile injury in the liver and beyond.","volume":"49","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R45-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00612-x","article-title":"Monocyte-macrophages modulate intestinal homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"R46-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123778","article-title":"Dectin-2-induced CCL2 production in tissue-resident macrophages ignites cardiac arteritis.","volume":"129","author":"Miyabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"19","key":"R47-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac094","article-title":"Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis for atheroprotection.","volume":"43","author":"Georgakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R48-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497026","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1497026","article-title":"The role and therapeutic targeting of the CCL2\/CCR2 signaling axis in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R49-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.04.013","article-title":"The Nod2 sensor promotes intestinal pathogen eradication via the chemokine CCL2-dependent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes.","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"12","key":"R50-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3920","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues.","volume":"15","author":"Lavin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R51-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.02.005","article-title":"Niche signals and transcription factors involved in tissue-resident macrophage development.","volume":"330","author":"T\u2019Jonck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0315-0","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of macrophages: from homeostasis maintenance to host defense.","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R53-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00848-y","article-title":"Tissue-specific macrophages: how they develop and choreograph tissue biology.","volume":"23","author":"Mass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R54-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20240379","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20240379","article-title":"KLF family members control expression of genes required for tissue macrophage identities.","volume":"222","author":"Pestal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R55-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.001","article-title":"Stroma-derived interleukin-34 controls the development and maintenance of Langerhans cells and the maintenance of microglia.","volume":"37","author":"Greter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"R56-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-\u03b2-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia.","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R57-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-021-00631-w","article-title":"The behavior and functions of embryonic microglia.","volume":"97","author":"Hattori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"R58-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131199","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages develop from fetal monocytes that differentiate into long-lived cells in the first week of life via GM-CSF.","volume":"210","author":"Guilliams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7227","key":"R59-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07472","article-title":"Role for Spi-C in the development of red pulp macrophages and splenic iron homeostasis.","volume":"457","author":"Kohyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"R60-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2622","article-title":"The nuclear receptor LXR\u03b1 controls the functional specialization of splenic macrophages.","volume":"14","author":"Noelia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R61-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.032","article-title":"LXR-dependent gene expression is important for macrophage survival and the innate immune response.","volume":"119","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R62-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090326","article-title":"Monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens.","volume":"26","author":"Serbina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R63-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4155","article-title":"Association between liver X receptor-\u03b1 and neuron-derived orphan nuclear receptor-1 in Kupffer cells of C57BL\/6 mice during inflammation.","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"R64-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/ni903","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development.","volume":"4","author":"Hacker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"R65-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7923","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157923","article-title":"The evolving roles of cardiac macrophages in homeostasis, regeneration, and repair.","volume":"22","author":"Alvarez-Argote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R66-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0210072","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages: their role in adipose tissue remodeling.","volume":"88","author":"Suganami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R67-20260806","first-page":"S53","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage activation in alcoholic liver disease.","volume":"22","author":"Thakur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R68-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.004","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes.","volume":"38","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"R69-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R70-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3071","article-title":"Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease.","volume":"11","author":"Chawla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R71-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.10.005","article-title":"Suppression of macrophage infiltration inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrogenesis in rats.","volume":"128","author":"Imamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6002","key":"R72-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195491","article-title":"Intravascular danger signals guide neutrophils to sites of sterile inflammation.","volume":"330","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"R73-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12468","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype in liver injury and repair.","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R74-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2018.34.4.133","article-title":"The role of hepatic macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.","volume":"34","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Anim Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R75-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.026","article-title":"Ly6C hi monocytes in the inflamed colon give rise to proinflammatory effector cells and migratory antigen-presenting cells.","volume":"37","author":"Zigmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6035","key":"R76-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204351","article-title":"Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation.","volume":"332","author":"Jenkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R77-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2877","article-title":"Distinct bone marrow-derived and tissue-resident macrophage lineages proliferate at key stages during inflammation.","volume":"4","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"R78-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2779","article-title":"Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation.","volume":"10","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R79-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.12.007","article-title":"Dynamic plasticity of macrophage functions in diseased liver.","volume":"330","author":"Ritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"R80-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462","article-title":"The metabolic signature of macrophage responses.","volume":"10","author":"Viola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R81-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2021.103590","article-title":"Macrophage roles in peripheral nervous system injury and pathology: allies in neuromuscular junction recovery.","volume":"111","author":"Rios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R82-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00886","article-title":"RANK ligand helps immunity to Leishmania major by skewing M2-Like Into M1 macrophages.","volume":"11","author":"Rigoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R83-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa017","article-title":"The spectrum of macrophage activation by immunometabolism.","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"R84-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02993","article-title":"New insights on the role of lipid metabolism in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages.","volume":"10","author":"Batista-Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R85-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02632","article-title":"Park 7: a novel therapeutic target for macrophages in sepsis-induced immunosuppression.","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R86-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.324011","article-title":"Macrophage heterogeneity and efferocytosis: beyond the M1\/M2 dichotomy.","volume":"134","author":"Kumar Jha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"R87-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs263833","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.263833","article-title":"Phagocytosis at a glance.","volume":"138","author":"Depierre","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"R88-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734229","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.734229","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in macrophages: sources and targets.","volume":"12","author":"Canton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R89-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes3040467","article-title":"Challenges and strategies for proteome analysis of the interaction of human pathogenic fungi with host immune cells.","volume":"3","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"R90-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662063","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.662063","article-title":"Microbial phagocytic receptors and their potential involvement in cytokine induction in macrophages.","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"44","key":"R91-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06883","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202506883","article-title":"Phagosome maturation in macrophages is enhanced by p38\u03b1 MAPK signaling.","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"R92-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01066","article-title":"Phagocytosis: our current understanding of a universal biological process.","volume":"11","author":"Uribe-Querol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R93-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.11.006","article-title":"Macrophages in oxidative stress and models to evaluate the antioxidant function of dietary natural compounds.","volume":"25","author":"Castaneda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"issue":"11","key":"R94-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.08.003","article-title":"An apoptotic \u2018eat me\u2019 signal: phosphatidylserine exposure.","volume":"25","author":"Segawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"R95-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631714","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.631714","article-title":"Cellular responses to the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells.","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R96-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161375","article-title":"Phagocytosis imprints heterogeneity in tissue-resident macrophages.","volume":"214","author":"A-Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R97-20260806","first-page":"241","article-title":"Overnutrition and lipotoxicity: impaired efferocytosis and chronic inflammation as precursors to multifaceted disease pathogenesis.","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"R98-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20210026","article-title":"Membrane lipid raft homeostasis is directly linked to neurodegeneration.","volume":"65","author":"Moll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"R99-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.600961","article-title":"The role of protein and lipid clustering in lymphocyte activation.","volume":"12","author":"Lamerton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R100-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.04.057","article-title":"It is all about fluidity: fatty acids and macrophage phagocytosis.","volume":"785","author":"Schumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"15","key":"R101-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15301","article-title":"Lysosomal dysfunction-induced autophagic stress in diabetic kidney disease.","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"R102-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636078","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636078","article-title":"Better together: current insights into phagosome-lysosome fusion.","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R103-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070930","article-title":"The link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and lysosomal dysfunction under oxidative stress in cancer cells.","volume":"15","author":"Vietri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"R104-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47607-5","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress disrupts lysosomal homeostasis and induces blockade of autophagic flux in human trophoblasts.","volume":"9","author":"Nakashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R105-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12409","article-title":"Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in Gaucher macrophages.","volume":"15","author":"Aflaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"R106-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S418334","article-title":"Efferocytosis: an emerging therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications.","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"R107-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes.","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R108-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2022.102112","article-title":"Building the phagocytic cup on an actin scaffold.","volume":"77","author":"Krendel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R109-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2021.148431","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA mutations contribute to high altitude pulmonary edema via increased oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming during hypobaric hypoxia.","volume":"1862","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg"},{"issue":"1","key":"R110-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00305-3","article-title":"Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in diseases: implications for therapy.","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"R111-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkaf043","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf043","article-title":"Role of damage-associated molecular patterns in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of traumatic brain injury.","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R112-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-120","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines Il-6 and TNF-\u03b1 and the development of inflammation in obese subjects.","volume":"15","author":"Popko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"R113-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00345","article-title":"Dysregulated IL-1\u03b2 secretion in autoinflammatory diseases: a matter of stress?","volume":"8","author":"Carta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R114-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.10.010","article-title":"TLRs and chronic inflammation.","volume":"42","author":"Ospelt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R115-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.010","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages.","volume":"20","author":"Kratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R116-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681766","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1681766","article-title":"Obesity\u2019s systemic impact: exploring molecular and physiological links to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and heart failure.","volume":"16","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"R117-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.010","article-title":"Obesity and insulin resistance promote atherosclerosis through an IFN\u03b3-regulated macrophage protein network.","volume":"23","author":"Reardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"R118-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00354-3","article-title":"Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis.","volume":"2","author":"Patterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R119-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1462508","article-title":"The various roles of TREM2 in cardiovascular disease.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R120-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00542-y","article-title":"TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD: a lipid metabolism regulator and potential metabolic therapeutic target.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"11","key":"R121-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.04.009","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages between aggravation and alleviation of metabolic diseases.","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"R122-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.054","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a TREM2-dependent manner.","volume":"178","author":"Jaitin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"R123-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57024-0","article-title":"TREM2 promotes lung fibrosis via controlling alveolar macrophage survival and pro-fibrotic activity.","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"R124-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030341","article-title":"TREM2 regulates the removal of apoptotic cells and inflammatory processes during the progression of NAFLD.","volume":"12","author":"Liebold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"19","key":"R125-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171701","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.171701","article-title":"A lipid-associated macrophage lineage rewires the spatial landscape of adipose tissue in early obesity.","volume":"8","author":"Stansbury","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"R126-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00429-9","article-title":"TREM2 protects from atherosclerosis by limiting necrotic core formation.","volume":"3","author":"Piollet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R127-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102774","article-title":"TREM2 in cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.","volume":"109","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"R128-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604837","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604837","article-title":"TREM2 in MASH: integrating lipid metabolism and immune response.","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R129-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00675-w","article-title":"The double-edged role and therapeutic potential of TREM2 in atherosclerosis.","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"R130-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17842","article-title":"TREM2 expression promotes liver and peritoneal M2 macrophage polarization in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R131-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0572","article-title":"Beneficial metabolic effects of TREM2 in obesity are uncoupled from its expression on macrophages.","volume":"70","author":"Sharif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"R132-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi21-0017","article-title":"Surplus ceramides: an added twist in the Tale of TREM2 and insulin resistance.","volume":"70","author":"Webster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"R133-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135197","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135197","article-title":"TREM2 sustains macrophage-hepatocyte metabolic coordination in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sepsis.","volume":"131","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"R134-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031610","article-title":"Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose.","volume":"89","author":"Erdmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"R135-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-024-01418-2","article-title":"Leptin and ghrelin dynamics: unraveling their influence on food intake, energy balance, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"23","author":"Vijayashankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"R136-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00008","article-title":"Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin.","volume":"13","author":"Havel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R137-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031855","article-title":"Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women.","volume":"89","author":"Teff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"R138-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e318290167a","article-title":"Morphology, localization, and patterns of ghrelin-producing cells in stomachs of a morbidly obese population.","volume":"24","author":"Abdemur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech"},{"issue":"1","key":"R139-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-6","article-title":"Dietary oil composition differentially modulates intestinal endotoxin transport and postprandial endotoxemia.","volume":"10","author":"Mani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"R140-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13546","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901433R","article-title":"Short\u2010chain fatty acids and microbiota metabolites attenuate ghrelin receptor signaling.","volume":"33","author":"Torres\u2010Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"R141-20260806","first-page":"4762575","article-title":"Dietary pattern and macronutrients profile on the variation of inflammatory biomarkers: scientific update.","volume":"2018","author":"Silveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"R142-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.698","article-title":"Energy expenditure, satiety, and plasma ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine concentrations following a single high-protein lunch.","volume":"138","author":"Smeets","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R143-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0139","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity causes peripheral and central ghrelin resistance by promoting inflammation.","volume":"226","author":"Naznin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R144-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.08.006","article-title":"Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells.","volume":"2","author":"Engelstoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"R145-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0556","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity causes ghrelin resistance in arcuate NPY\/AgRP neurons.","volume":"151","author":"Briggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"R146-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1861","article-title":"Evidence that diet-induced hyperleptinemia, but not hypothalamic gliosis, causes ghrelin resistance in NPY\/AgRP neurons of male mice.","volume":"155","author":"Briggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"R147-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.07.001","article-title":"Effects of triglycerides, obesity, and starvation on ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier.","volume":"29","author":"Banks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"6","key":"R148-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8739","article-title":"The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans.","volume":"87","author":"Gnanapavan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"R149-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0782","article-title":"Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression in mice during aging.","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"R150-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2011.00740.x","article-title":"Ablation of ghrelin receptor reduces adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity during aging by regulating fat metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues.","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"R151-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00308.2007","article-title":"GH-releasing peptide-2 administration prevents liver inflammatory response in endotoxemia.","volume":"294","author":"Granado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R152-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339937","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1339937","article-title":"Neuronal ablation of GHSR mitigates diet-induced depression and memory impairment via AMPK-autophagy signaling-mediated inflammation.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R153-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138.12","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.184.Supp.138.12","article-title":"An orexigenic hormone ghrelin enhances LPS-induced IL-10 production in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages.","volume":"184","author":"Dolgor Baatar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R154-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007728","article-title":"A concerted kinase interplay identifies PPARgamma as a molecular target of ghrelin signaling in macrophages.","volume":"4","author":"Demers","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"R155-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20477","article-title":"Phenotypical and functional study of ghrelin and its receptor in the pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Hosomi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"R156-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003008","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation.","volume":"128","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"R157-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3793","article-title":"Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity.","volume":"15","author":"Tall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R158-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22508","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200634R","article-title":"Potential role of ghrelin in the regulation of inflammation.","volume":"36","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"7925","key":"R159-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05044-x","article-title":"A monocyte-leptin-angiogenesis pathway critical for repair post-infection.","volume":"609","author":"Kratofil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"18","key":"R160-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127956.43874.F2","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human endothelial cells.","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"R161-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20744","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulates interleukin-8 gene expression through protein kinase C-mediated NF-kappaB pathway in human colonic epithelial cells.","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"R162-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27499","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27499","article-title":"Ghrelin accelerates wound healing through GHS-R1a-mediated MAPK-NF-\u03baB\/GR signaling pathways in combined radiation and burn injury in rats.","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"R163-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9977-z","article-title":"Ghrelin attenuates sepsis-associated acute lung injury oxidative stress in rats.","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"R164-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122211","article-title":"The effect of ghrelin upon the early immune response in lean and obese mice during sepsis.","volume":"10","author":"Siegl","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R165-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421134","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells.","volume":"114","author":"Dixit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"33","key":"R166-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04223","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504223","article-title":"GHSR\u2010Foxo1 signaling in macrophages promotes liver fibrosis via inflammatory response and hepatic stellate cell activation.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"R167-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00820-7","article-title":"GHS-R suppression in adipose tissues protects against obesity and insulin resistance by regulating adipose angiogenesis and fibrosis.","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R168-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040321","article-title":"Myeloid GHSR deficiency protects against thermogenic impairment in aging through immune remodeling of brown adipose tissue.","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"R169-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.288324","article-title":"High constitutive activity is an intrinsic feature of ghrelin receptor protein: a study with a functional monomeric GHS-R1a receptor reconstituted in lipid discs.","volume":"287","author":"Damian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R170-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00087","article-title":"GHS-R1a constitutive activity and its physiological relevance.","volume":"7","author":"Mear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"R171-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.062","article-title":"Hippocampal dopamine\/DRD1 signaling dependent on the ghrelin receptor.","volume":"163","author":"Kern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"R172-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqag008","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqag008","article-title":"Ghrelin-induced food intake in male mice requires peripheral extrahepatic GHR signaling.","volume":"167","author":"Barrile","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R173-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016391","article-title":"Ablations of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor exhibit differential metabolic phenotypes and thermogenic capacity during aging.","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R174-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06404","article-title":"Ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin stimulate human osteoblast growth via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)\/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in the absence of GHS-R1a.","volume":"188","author":"Delhanty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R175-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1069","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulates, whereas des-octanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes.","volume":"90","author":"Gauna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R176-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2013.41","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor regulates HFCS-induced adipose inflammation and insulin resistance.","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"R177-20260806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061302","article-title":"Suppression of ghrelin exacerbates HFCS-induced adiposity and insulin resistance.","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Immunometabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T05:00:54Z","timestamp":1785992454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/in9.0000000000000088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-0407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-0407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}