{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:12:14Z","timestamp":1783732334462,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection is common in pregnant women, such infections are rarely encountered in infants. To clarify the recognition of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infections in infants, we analyzed symptoms and signs of perinatally acquired chlamydial infection, together with its long-term prognosis in a large population-based patient series.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A search through 2 national health registries covering 1996\u20132011, a cohort of 933,823 births, yielded 124 children with a microbiologically confirmed <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection. We then reviewed copies of the children\u2019s medical records up to 16 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One-third of the infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis (33\/110) had spontaneous blood-stained discharge from the infected eye. The infants with <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> lower respiratory tract infection were mostly afebrile (30\/32), and 15\/32 of them had wheezing. Staccato cough was not recorded in any of the infants. The median diagnostic delay from the onset of the symptoms was 13 (range 4\u2013374) days for conjunctivitis and 25 (range 10\u2013149) days for lower respiratory tract infection. One neglected child developed bilateral corneal scars because of an untreated <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Blood-stained discharge was a typical finding in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> conjunctivitis. The <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected infants had severe and prolonged symptoms, but long-term consequences were rare. The diagnostic delay was long, especially among the infants with a <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> lower respiratory tract infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000001925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T17:51:02Z","timestamp":1517507462000},"page":"930-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Symptoms, Signs and Long-term Prognosis of Vertically Transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis Infections"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Minna","family":"Honkila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Renko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tytti","family":"Pokka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Wikstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Uhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terhi","family":"Tapiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01643231","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. The use of serological tests in detecting infected women.","volume":"19","author":"Dannevig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"R2-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80077-3","article-title":"Chlamydial infection of mothers and their infants.","volume":"95","author":"Frommell","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R3-20230912","first-page":"5349","article-title":"Genital chlamydial infections in the maternity health care population in P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me.","volume":"61","author":"Kurkinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Finnish Med J"},{"key":"R4-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4684-4690.2005","article-title":"Use of pooled urine samples and automated DNA isolation to achieve improved sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of large-scale testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women.","volume":"43","author":"Rours","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370240044034","article-title":"Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"255","author":"Schachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R6-20230912","first-page":"302","article-title":"Ophthalmia neonatorum associated with maternal chlamydial infections.","volume":"83","author":"Chandler","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R7-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.2.142","article-title":"Prospective study of maternal and infantile infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"64","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R8-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198211000-00007","article-title":"Longitudinal studies on chlamydial infections in the first year of life.","volume":"1","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10477.x","article-title":"A comparative neonatal study of infants born by mothers with Chlamydia trachomatis in cervix uteri.","volume":"76","author":"Skjeldestad","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"R10-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0153","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of neonatal conjunctivitis in Dutch infants.","volume":"121","author":"Rours","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R11-20230912","first-page":"173","article-title":"Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"53","author":"Rees","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"R12-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197702102960604","article-title":"Respiratory-tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"296","author":"Beem","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R13-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197803302981303","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infant pneumonitis: comparison with matched controls and other infant pneumonitis.","volume":"298","author":"Harrison","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R14-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.2.192","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of the afebrile pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infants less than 6 months of age.","volume":"63","author":"Tipple","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R15-20230912","first-page":"255","article-title":"Characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in hospitalized infants with lower respiratory tract infection.","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"R16-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.152066","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis respiratory infection in Dutch infants.","volume":"94","author":"Rours","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R17-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052884","article-title":"Probability of vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis estimated from national registry data.","volume":"93","author":"Honkila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R18-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)90256-X","article-title":"Sequelae of neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and associated disease in parents.","volume":"71","author":"Mordhorst","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R19-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(70)92284-1","article-title":"Late follow-up of patients with neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis.","volume":"69","author":"Forster","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198201000-00008","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and chronic respiratory disease in childhood.","volume":"1","author":"Harrison","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"No. RR-03","key":"R22-20230912","first-page":"58","article-title":"2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Chlamydial Infections.","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"R27-20230912","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neonatal haemorrhagic conjunctivitis: a specific sign of chlamydial infection.","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"R28-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(01)90088-8","article-title":"Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and other potential pathogens in neonatal conjunctivitis.","volume":"5","author":"Di Bartolomeo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006454-201809000-00016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T22:30:32Z","timestamp":1694557832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006454-201809000-00016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/inf.0000000000001925","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-3668"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-3668","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}