{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T06:51:46Z","timestamp":1759042306027},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Evidence suggests that Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, which causes toxoplasmosis, changes the metabolism of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, resulting in both neurologic and psychiatric disorders. On the other hand, the dysregulation of catecholamines, especially of both norepinephrine and dopamine, has been proposed in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present study was to investigate anti-toxoplasma antibodies in children and adolescents with ADHD and compare it with a control group, to determine whether toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 200 children and adolescents (117 patients with ADHD and 83 individuals without ADHD) participated in the study. Participants were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii<\/jats:italic> antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Parent ADHD Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression-severity Scale were also completed. Data were analyzed using a \u03c72<\/jats:sup> test and Fisher exact test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Anti-toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 18.1% of patients with ADHD disorder and 24% of individuals without ADHD. There was no significant difference in seropositivity between the 2 groups (P<\/jats:italic> > 0.05). The number of patients with T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in the 3 subgroups was 0, 9 and 12, respectively. The differences in infection rate among subgroups were not statistically significant (P<\/jats:italic> > 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Although not conclusive, the present study does not support the theory that T. gondii<\/jats:italic> is a risk factor for ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000001985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T16:33:49Z","timestamp":1521131629000},"page":"1097-1100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Shahram","family":"Khademvatan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Forough","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Educational Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Izadi-Mazidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilufar","family":"Khajeddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Educational Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Member of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0705-9","article-title":"Reboxetine versus methylphenidate in treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"18","author":"Arabgol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199603000-00006","article-title":"Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives.","volume":"35","author":"Pliszka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R4-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900018460","article-title":"Non-stimulant treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Pliszka","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"R5-20230912","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effectiveness of reboxetine in treatment of outpatient children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorders.","volume":"8","author":"Riahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R6-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","article-title":"Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. Commentary: congenital toxoplasmosis\u2014further thought for food.","volume":"321","author":"Cook","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"R7-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.08.002","article-title":"The immunobiology of the innate response to Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"R8-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States.","volume":"38","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"R9-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023866","article-title":"The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii increases dopamine metabolism.","volume":"6","author":"Prandovszky","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R10-20230912","first-page":"22","article-title":"Changes in the personality profile of young women with latent toxoplasmosis.","volume":"46","author":"Flegr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"R11-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(00)00034-X","article-title":"Correlation of duration of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection with personality changes in women.","volume":"53","author":"Flegr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"R12-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066269","article-title":"Induction of changes in human behaviour by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"113","author":"Flegr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R13-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-54","article-title":"Probable neuroimmunological link between Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus infections and personality changes in the human host.","volume":"5","author":"Novotn\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/sajs.2013\/0017","article-title":"Effect of toxoplasmosis on personality profiles of Iranian men and women.","volume":"109","author":"Khademvatan","year":"2013","journal-title":"South African J Sci"},{"key":"R15-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.018","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in first-episode and inpatient individuals with schizophrenia.","volume":"14","author":"Hamidinejat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R16-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230349","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/230349","article-title":"Investigation of anti-Toxocara and anti-toxoplasma antibodies in patients with schizophrenia disorder.","volume":"2014","author":"Khademvatan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Treatment"},{"key":"R17-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12776","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.18789","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii exposure and the risk of schizophrenia.","volume":"7","author":"Khademvatan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"R18-20230912","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among Schizophrenic patients.","volume":"1","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yemeni J Med Sci"},{"key":"R19-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.05.1024","article-title":"Establishing the role of latent toxoplasmosis in the ethiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.","volume":"12","author":"Yuksel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06081254","article-title":"Selected infectious agents and risk of schizophrenia among U.S. military personnel.","volume":"165","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R21-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm010","article-title":"A controlled prospective study of toxoplasma gondii infection in individuals with schizophrenia: beyond seroprevalence.","volume":"33","author":"Hinze-Selch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"R22-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.024","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth.","volume":"61","author":"Mortensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R23-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm021","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with schizophrenia\u2014preliminary findings in a Turkish sample.","volume":"33","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"R24-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.767","article-title":"Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring.","volume":"162","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R25-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.573809","article-title":"Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study.","volume":"13","author":"Horacek","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R26-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2013.215.220","article-title":"Study of Toxoplasma Gondii infection in patients with bipolar disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Khademvatan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"key":"R27-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-4","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human Toxoplasma gondii infection in China.","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c29a23","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers and history of suicide attempts in patients with recurrent mood disorders.","volume":"197","author":"Arling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R29-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-1","article-title":"Toxoplasma seropositivity and depression: a case report.","volume":"4","author":"Kar","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"R30-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2014.038","article-title":"Association between latent toxoplasmosis and major depression, generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in human adults.","volume":"61","author":"Gale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"R31-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.003","article-title":"The relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and mood disorders in the third National Health and Nutrition Survey.","volume":"72","author":"Pearce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R32-20230912","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Parasites as causative agents of human affective disorders? The impact of anti-psychotic, mood-stabilizer and anti-parasite medication on Toxoplasma gondii\u2019s ability to alter host behaviour.","volume":"273","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"R33-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.09.007","article-title":"Neuropathological changes and clinical features of autism spectrum disorder participants are similar to that reported in congenital and chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in humans and mice.","volume":"4","author":"Prandota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"R34-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-11","article-title":"Increased risk of traffic accidents in subjects with latent toxoplasmosis: a retrospective case-control study.","volume":"2","author":"Flegr","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R35-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870170027","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder and acquired toxoplasmosis in two children.","volume":"10","author":"Brynska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr"},{"key":"R36-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v5i4.679","article-title":"Assessment of Toxoplasma seropositivity in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Afsharpaiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"R37-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4796","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R38-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.05.015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"137","author":"Daryani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R39-20230912","first-page":"205","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii infection among high school girls in Ajabshir from East Azarbaijan province, Iran.","volume":"3","author":"Fallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Caring Sci"},{"key":"R40-20230912","first-page":"CR201","article-title":"Toxoplasma chorioretinitis in primary school children in Tehran, Iran, 2003\u20132004.","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"R41-20230912","first-page":"177","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in high school girls in Fasa district, Iran.","volume":"2","author":"Hatam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iranian J Immunol"},{"key":"R42-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2003_3","article-title":"Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms: psychometric properties in a community-based sample.","volume":"20","author":"DuPaul","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"R43-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-9","article-title":"Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind and randomized trial [ISRCTN64132371].","volume":"4","author":"Akhondzadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"R44-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1158","article-title":"Efficacy of reboxetine in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","volume":"25","author":"Riahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R45-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2013.763899","article-title":"Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from birds in the southwest of Iran.","volume":"54","author":"Khademvatan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"R46-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01131.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma and schizophrenia.","volume":"31","author":"Yolken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"R47-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"R48-20230912","first-page":"2749","article-title":"Can the common brain parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, influence human culture?","volume":"273","author":"Lafferty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"R49-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.4.489","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among primary school children in Shandong Province, China.","volume":"53","author":"Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"R50-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000505","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and cognitive functions in school-aged children.","volume":"142","author":"Mendy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"R51-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0310-2014","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria.","volume":"48","author":"Gyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"R52-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.405","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in the capital area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.","volume":"67","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R53-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-141","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, West Africa.","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R54-20230912","first-page":"42","article-title":"A comparative study on sensitivity and specificity of conventional and unconventional IgG and IgM assays for diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis.","volume":"37","author":"Gharavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iranian J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006454-201811000-00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T22:31:48Z","timestamp":1694557908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006454-201811000-00006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/inf.0000000000001985","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-3668"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-3668","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}