{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:43:10Z","timestamp":1784194990475,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reports the infection rate, location of infection and pathogen causing bacterial, fungal or viral infections in intestine transplant recipients at a pediatric transplant center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Records from a pediatric center were reviewed for patients receiving an intestine transplant. Positive cultures and pathology reports were used to diagnose bacterial, fungal and viral infections and also to determine location and infectious agent. Risk for infection was assessed based on liver or colon inclusion, and immunosuppression induction, as part of the intestine transplant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, 52 intestine transplants were performed on 46 patients. Bacterial, fungal and viral infection rates were 90%, 25% and 75%, respectively.<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>spp. (non\u2013vancomycin-resistant enterococci) were the most common pathogens and were isolated from 52% of patients. Non\u2013vancomycin-resistant enterococci was present in 12% of transplant recipients.<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>spp. were the most common fungal pathogens (23% of patients). Respiratory viral infections were common (44%), and<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cytomegalovirus<\/jats:italic>infection rate was 17%. Common sites of infection were bloodstream, urinary and upper respiratory tract. Colon and liver inclusion in the transplant graft was not associated with increased risk of infection, nor was addition of rituximab to the immunosuppression induction protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postintestine transplant infections are ubiquitous in the pediatric population, including high rates of infection from bacterial, viral and fungal sources. Inclusion of the liver and\/or colon as a component of the transplant graft did not appear to greatly impact the infectious risk. Adding rituximab to the immunosuppression induction protocol did not impact on infectious risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000002104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T23:32:25Z","timestamp":1525995145000},"page":"219-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["One-year Incidence of Infection in Pediatric Intestine Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jared W.","family":"Clouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrashekhar A.","family":"Kubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Fridell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Mangus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804605","article-title":"Intestinal transplantation.","volume":"361","author":"Fishbein","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J 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first year after pediatric small bowel transplantation.","volume":"31","author":"Florescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R9-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00683.x","article-title":"Six-month incidence of bloodstream infections in intestinal transplant patients.","volume":"14","author":"Akhter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"R10-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00542.x","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of fungal infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.","volume":"12","author":"Florescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"R11-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12104","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplantation.","volume":"13","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"R12-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064928","article-title":"Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients.","volume":"357","author":"Fishman","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R13-20230912","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation at Indiana University: 6 years\u2019 experience with 100 cases.","author":"Vianna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"key":"R14-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318177df76","article-title":"Safe inclusion of the entire pancreas as a component of the multivisceral graft.","volume":"86","author":"Vianna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R15-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13164","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13164","article-title":"Complications in pediatric intestine transplantation in the absence of peri-operative donor or recipient bowel decontamination.","volume":"22","author":"Clouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"R16-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318253e782","article-title":"Outcomes of pancreas allografts procured simultaneously with an isolated intestine allograft: single-center and national data.","volume":"94","author":"Fridell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R17-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31816dd450","article-title":"Induction immunosuppression with thymoglobulin and rituximab in intestinal and multivisceral transplantation.","volume":"85","author":"Vianna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R18-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13535","article-title":"Infectious complications following small bowel transplantation.","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"R19-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12583","article-title":"Incidence of bloodstream infections in small bowel transplant recipients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a single-center experience.","volume":"19","author":"Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"R20-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12687","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant bacteria in solid organ transplant recipients.","volume":"20","author":"Cervera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R21-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12107","article-title":"Infection among adult small bowel and multivisceral transplant recipients in the 30-day postoperative period.","volume":"15","author":"Primeggia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182310fb6","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus infections after small bowel and multivisceral transplantation.","volume":"31","author":"Florescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R23-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31823a66d5","article-title":"Risk factors for systemic Candida infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.","volume":"31","author":"Florescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R24-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.10.015","article-title":"Survival after disseminated invasive aspergillosis in a multivisceral transplant recipient.","volume":"39","author":"Vianna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R25-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181e0de97","article-title":"Adenovirus infections in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.","volume":"90","author":"Florescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R26-20230912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12093","article-title":"Lower respiratory tract viral infections in pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients: a single hospital inpatient cohort study.","volume":"17","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Infectious Disease 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