{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:44:11Z","timestamp":1788965051645,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The clinical utility of the magnitude of interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3) in response to mycobacterial antigens is unknown. We assessed the association between quantitative IFN\u03b3 response and degree of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> exposure, infection and tuberculosis (TB) disease status in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We completed cross-sectional analysis of children (\u226415 years) exposed to an adult with bacteriologically confirmed TB, 2007\u20132012 in Cape Town, South Africa. IFN\u03b3 values were reported as concentrations and spot forming units for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT.TB, respectively. Random-effects linear regression was used to investigate the relation between the <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> contact score, clinical phenotype (TB diseased, infected, uninfected) and IFN\u03b3\u25aaresponse as outcome, adjusted for relevant covariates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We analyzed data from 669 children (median age, 63 months; interquartile range, 33\u2013108 months). A 1-unit increase in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> contact score was associated with an increase of IFN\u03b3 0.60 international unit\/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44\u20130.76 international unit\/mL), and IFN\u03b3 spot forming unit 2 counts (95% CI, 1\u20133). IFN\u03b3 response was significantly lower among children with <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection compared with children with TB disease (\u03b2 = \u20131.42; 95% CI, \u20132.80 to \u20130.03) for the QFT-GIT, but not for the T-SPOT.TB. This association was strongest among children 2\u20135 years (\u03b2 = \u20132.35 years; 95% CI, \u20134.28 to \u20130.42 years) and absent if &lt;2 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The magnitude of IFN\u03b3 response correlated with the degree of recent M. tuberculosis exposure, measured by QFT-GIT and T-SPOT.TB, and was correlated with clinically relevant TB phenotypes using the QFT-GIT. IFN\u03b3 values are not only useful in estimating the risk of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection but may also support the diagnosis of TB disease in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The magnitude of IFN\u03b3 response correlated with the degree of recent <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> exposure, measured by QFT-GIT and T-SPOT.<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TB<\/jats:italic>, and was correlated with clinically relevant TB phenotypes using the QFT-GIT. IFN\u03b3 values are not only useful in estimating the risk of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection but may also support the diagnosis of TB disease in children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:50:07Z","timestamp":1622335807000},"page":"763-770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Magnitude of Interferon Gamma Release Assay Responses in Children With Household Tuberculosis Contact Is Associated With Tuberculosis Exposure and Disease Status"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Ronge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sloot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Du Preez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Lester","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harleen M. S.","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, BIDS Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Mandalakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke C.","family":"Hesseling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250615","first-page":"392","article-title":"The natural history of 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