{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T21:12:11Z","timestamp":1775682731837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/iop.0b013e3181b9e37e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,14]],"date-time":"2010-05-14T07:40:33Z","timestamp":1273822833000},"page":"195-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Floppy Eyelid Syndrome as a Subset of Lax Eyelid Conditions: Relationships and Clinical Relevance (an ASOPRS Thesis)"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Dutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90652-8","article-title":"The floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"92","author":"Culbertson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.10.1555","article-title":"Bilateral optic neuropathy associated with voluntary globe luxation and floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"122","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00456-5","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome and mental retardation.","volume":"107","author":"Boulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-12-20210129","first-page":"264","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Easterbrook","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.11.007","article-title":"Ocular features of the congenital cataracts facial dysmorphism neuropathy syndrome.","volume":"111","author":"M\u00fcllner-Eidenb\u00f6ck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R6-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0771","article-title":"Structural abnormalities of the cornea and lid resulting from collagen V mutations.","volume":"47","author":"Segev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R7-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.1996.10.2.116","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of corneal diseases associated with floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90014-0","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome and blepharochalasis.","volume":"102","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90248-4","article-title":"Floppy eyelid with hyperglycinemia.","volume":"98","author":"Gerner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31559-9","article-title":"Eyelid imbrication. An unrecognized cause of chronic ocular irritation.","volume":"100","author":"Karesh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R11-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.9.666","article-title":"The lax eyelid syndrome.","volume":"78","author":"van den Bosch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/01.IOP.0000150360.84043.2E","article-title":"Acquired lax eyelid syndrome: an unrecognized cause of the chronically irritated eye.","volume":"21","author":"Burkat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R13-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1076\/orbi.23.1.3.28990","article-title":"Lax eyelid syndrome or \u2018progeria' of eyelid tissues.","volume":"23","author":"Shah-Desai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"R14-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76357-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"110","author":"Woog","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.00969.x","article-title":"The eye and sleep.","volume":"33","author":"McNab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199706000-00005","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea.","volume":"13","author":"McNab","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R17-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.010","article-title":"The eye in sleep apnea syndrome.","volume":"7","author":"Abdal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R18-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492005000100022","article-title":"[Unilateral keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to nasolacrimal obstruction\u2014case report].","volume":"68","author":"Diniz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R19-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.07.044","article-title":"Unilateral keratoconus in a child with chronic and persistent eye rubbing.","volume":"139","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000121711.58571.8d","article-title":"Asymmetric keratoconus attributed to eye rubbing.","volume":"23","author":"Jafri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R21-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000137168.24883.3e","article-title":"Eye rubbing can cause keratoconus.","volume":"23","author":"Krachmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R22-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00034","article-title":"Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis.","volume":"19","author":"Lindsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R23-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03082.x","article-title":"Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance.","volume":"86","author":"McMonnies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R24-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702692","article-title":"The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus study: demographics, corneal signs, associated diseases, and eye rubbing.","volume":"22","author":"Weed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R25-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.4.264","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"67","author":"Parunovic","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32070-0","article-title":"Keratoconus associated with floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"98","author":"Donnenfeld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R27-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199401000-00007","article-title":"Corneal disorders in floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"Culbertson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R29-12-20210129","first-page":"316","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with keratoconus.","volume":"63","author":"Negris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"R30-12-20210129","first-page":"309","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome: a case report and clinical review.","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"R31-12-20210129","article-title":"BMI\u2014Body Mass Index.","year":"2007"},{"key":"R32-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71808-2","article-title":"Lateral tarsorrhaphy for a noncompliant patient with floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"114","author":"Bouchard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R33-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71654-X","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome in a child with chronic unilateral conjunctivitis.","volume":"124","author":"Gross","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91960-1","article-title":"A new physical finding in floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"105","author":"Langford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R35-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-19990301-17","article-title":"A tarsal strip-periosteal flap technique for lateral canthal fixation.","volume":"30","author":"Lemke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers"},{"key":"R36-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31368-6","article-title":"Histopathologic features of the floppy eyelid syndrome. Involvement of tarsal elastin.","volume":"101","author":"Netland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R37-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38539-X","article-title":"Floppy eyelids and crack eye syndrome.","volume":"100","author":"Reifler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R38-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19990701-12","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome in a child with vernal catarrh.","volume":"36","author":"Samaha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R39-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74572-6","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome in a child.","volume":"109","author":"Eiferman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R40-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33763-1","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome. Management including surgery.","volume":"93","author":"Moore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R41-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75977-X","article-title":"A systematic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic conjunctivitis.","volume":"109","author":"Rapoza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06153.x","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with obstructive sleep apnea.","volume":"151","author":"Bilenchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R43-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.053","article-title":"Prevalence of floppy eyelid syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.","volume":"113","author":"Karger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R44-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0913","article-title":"Tear film dynamics in floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R45-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2000.00278.x","article-title":"Reversal of floppy eyelid syndrome with treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea.","volume":"28","author":"McNab","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R46-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-200209000-00009","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome: a modified surgical technique.","volume":"18","author":"Periman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R47-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.4.483","article-title":"Corneal melt and perforation secondary to floppy eyelid syndrome in the presence of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"86","author":"Rossiter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R48-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iop.0000235497.34188.c1","article-title":"Plasma leptin levels in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"22","author":"Taban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R49-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iop.0000169142.29484.c6","article-title":"Medial upper eyelid shortening to correct medial eyelid laxity in floppy eyelid syndrome: a new surgical approach.","volume":"21","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R50-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.1.138","article-title":"Spontaneous globe luxation associated with floppy eyelid syndrome and shallow orbits.","volume":"117","author":"Alexandrakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R52-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-198703020-00009","article-title":"Meibomian gland dysfunction in floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"Gonnering","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R53-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90256-7","article-title":"Eyelid, conjunctival, and corneal findings in sleep apnea syndrome.","volume":"106","author":"Mojon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R54-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90429-9","article-title":"A woman with the floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"93","author":"Paciuc","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R55-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.031","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of floppy eyelid syndrome: involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in elastic fiber degradation.","volume":"112","author":"Schl\u00f6tzer-Schrehardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R56-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(98)80026-X","article-title":"Surgical correction of floppy eyelids.","volume":"51","author":"Scholten","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"R57-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702567","article-title":"Spontaneous globe luxation and floppy eyelid syndrome in a patient with Hashimoto's disease.","volume":"21","author":"Reyniers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R58-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-1839(05)70252-9","article-title":"A case report and review of filamentary keratitis.","volume":"76","author":"Diller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"R59-12-20210129","first-page":"450","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma.","volume":"70","author":"Dufek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"R60-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)77957-7","article-title":"Surgical management of floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"99","author":"Dutton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R61-12-20210129","first-page":"468","article-title":"An unusual case of floppy eyelid syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Fleishman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R62-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90452-2","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with marked lower eyelid ectropion.","volume":"108","author":"Goldberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R64-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020886010","article-title":"Chronic conjunctivitis associated with \u2018floppy eyelids.'","volume":"101","author":"Schwartz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R65-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.27090","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome in an infant.","volume":"54","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R66-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200408000-00004","article-title":"Dry eye diagnosis and management in 2004.","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R67-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","article-title":"The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.","volume":"328","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R68-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.31","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep apnea and electrocardiographic disturbances in morbidly obese patients.","volume":"8","author":"Valencia-Flores","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"R69-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2104087","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men.","volume":"165","author":"Punjabi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R70-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909233411304","article-title":"A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure.","volume":"341","author":"Javaheri","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R71-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421901","article-title":"Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension.","volume":"342","author":"Peppard","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R72-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401111","article-title":"Driving with sleep apnea.","volume":"340","author":"Suratt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R73-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043104","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death.","volume":"353","author":"Yaggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R76-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.17.2181","article-title":"Matrix-dependent mechanism of neutrophil-mediated release and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion.","volume":"103","author":"Lindsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R77-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2001.17","article-title":"Potential role of leptin in angiogenesis: leptin induces endothelial cell proliferation and expression of matrix metaloproteinases in vivo and in vitro.","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"R78-12-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701557","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase distribution during early corneal wound healing.","volume":"19","author":"Mulholland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181b9e37e","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T19:43:09Z","timestamp":1635363789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002341-201005000-00012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iop.0b013e3181b9e37e","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-9303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-9303","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}