{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:38:12Z","timestamp":1793140692649,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors (VMAT2-Is), valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, are the only FDA-approved medications for tardive dyskinesia (TD); tetrabenazine is used off-label. TD diagnosis and VMAT2-I use data remain limited. This study characterizes trends in TD diagnosis and VMAT2-I use among adults (aged 18 to 65\u00a0years) with mental health diagnoses receiving antipsychotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 2017-2022 MarketScan data. TD and mental health diagnoses were identified using ICD-10 codes, and VMAT2-I use from prescription claims. Mental health diagnoses were hierarchically categorized as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), or other. Descriptive analyses summarized trends, and multivariable logistic regression assessed predictors of VMAT2-I use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among a cohort of 729,262 adults, TD diagnosis increased from 0.45% (N=849) in 2017 to 0.57% (N=1194) in 2022. VMAT2-I use increased from 0.05% (N=100) to 0.22% (N=454). Predictors of VMAT2-I use included first-generation antipsychotic use versus second-generation use only [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.06, 95% CI: 1.59-2.67], schizophrenia (aOR: 8.40, 95% CI: 6.57-10.74) or BPD (aOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.62-3.86), versus other mental health diagnoses, female versus male sex (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.14-1.51), age 51 to 65 versus age 18 to 34 years (aOR: 5.57, 95% CI: 4.63-6.71), and calendar year (aOR: 1.42 95% CI: 1.36-1.48). Among patients with TD, schizophrenia (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.26-2.57), BPD (aOR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.39-2.46), and age [aOR: 3.55; 95% CI: 2.70-3.84 (51 to 65 vs. 18 to 34\u00a0y)] were predictors of VMAT2-I use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TD remains underdiagnosed, with treatment rates low, highlighting the need for improved TD recognition and VMAT2-I access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0000000000002139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:01:03Z","timestamp":1770037263000},"page":"189-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Use of VMAT2 Inhibitors for Tardive Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orges","family":"Alabaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, New Brunswick"},{"name":"Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Olfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Department of Psychiatry"},{"name":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Scott","family":"Stroup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Department of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8598-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Gerhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, New Brunswick"},{"name":"Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ"},{"name":"Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway"},{"name":"Rutgers University Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260225","first-page":"tre-03-161-4138-1","article-title":"An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment","volume":"3","author":"Waln","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"R2-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528030-00002","article-title":"Extrapyramidal symptoms with atypical antipsychotics: incidence, prevention and management","volume":"28","author":"Pierre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R3-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-023-00658-9","article-title":"Impact of tardive dyskinesia on patients and caregivers: a survey of caregivers in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Patient-Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"R4-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001201","article-title":"RE-KINECT: a prospective study of the presence and healthcare burden of tardive dyskinesia in clinical practice settings","volume":"40","author":"Caroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R5-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.tv17016ah4c","article-title":"Epidemiology, prevention, and assessment of tardive dyskinesia and advances in treatment: (academic highlights)","volume":"78","author":"Correll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240738","article-title":"Antipsychotic drugs: a concise review of history, classification, indications, mechanism, efficacy, side effects, dosing, and clinical application","volume":"181","author":"Leucht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R8-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.11.017","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia: who gets it and why","volume":"59","author":"Frei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R9-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16r10832","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Carbon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10-20260225","first-page":"21m03069","article-title":"Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in an electronic medical record study at a large community mental health treatment center","volume":"24","author":"North","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"R11-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216044","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia among patients using antipsychotic medications in customary clinical care in the United States. De Luca V, ed","volume":"14","author":"Loughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NU18041BR1C","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.NU18041BR1C","article-title":"Earlier diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia","volume":"81","author":"Kremens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06780-w","article-title":"Identifying the diagnostic gap of tardive dyskinesia: an analysis of semi-structured electronic health record data","volume":"25","author":"Griffiths","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"R14-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17cs11959","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17cs11959","article-title":"Revisiting the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale: proceedings from the tardive dyskinesia assessment workshop","volume":"79","author":"Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719828968","article-title":"Treatment recommendations for tardive dyskinesia","volume":"64","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R16-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107580","article-title":"VMAT2 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders","volume":"212","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R17-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200392","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200392","article-title":"Dissemination of VMAT-2 inhibitors: a new class drug for tardive dyskinesia and huntington disease","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"R18-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e884","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201627","article-title":"Costs and utilization of new-to-market neurologic medications","volume":"100","author":"Reynolds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R21-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w770","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.5.w770","article-title":"Broadened use of atypical antipsychotics: safety, effectiveness, and policy challenges","volume":"28","author":"Crystal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"key":"R22-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.02.012","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for the development of tardive dyskinesia","volume":"389","author":"Solmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R23-20260225","first-page":"810","article-title":"Health care resource utilization and costs for patients with tardive dyskinesia","volume":"25","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"R25-20260225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.177901","article-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"177","author":"Keepers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000002139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1772010037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000002139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jcp.0000000000002139","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-0749","1533-712X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-0749","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-712X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-25","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}