{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:09:13Z","timestamp":1791346153866,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/01.jgp.0000310778.20870.ae","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T05:42:09Z","timestamp":1232516529000},"page":"343-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":359,"title":["Cholesterol as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies With Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kaarin J.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren M.","family":"Lipnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Fay","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70286-6","article-title":"A life-course approach to the aetiology of late-onset dementias","volume":"5","author":"Whalley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.008","article-title":"Cognitive frailty: predementia syndrome and vascular risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Panza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.11.007","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cognitive decline and dementia","volume":"51","author":"Panza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.016","article-title":"The epidemiologic study of dementia: a life-long quest?","volume":"26","author":"Launer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00685.x","article-title":"Cholesterol as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease\u2014epidemiological evidence","volume":"185","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000052825","article-title":"Understanding ageing. An evaluation of research designs for assessing the interdependence of ageing-related changes","volume":"47","author":"Hofer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70141-1","article-title":"The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm116","article-title":"Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"166","author":"Anstey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib10","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250","article-title":"Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop","volume":"43","author":"Roman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520400044042","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals","volume":"273","author":"Petersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi029","article-title":"Meta-analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and risk of dementia","volume":"161","author":"de Craen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib15","volume":"Vol Issue 3","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000182897.18229.ec","article-title":"Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"65","author":"Bernick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.5.622","article-title":"Smoking, drinking, and incident cognitive impairment: a cohort community based study included in the Gospel Oak project","volume":"68","author":"Cervilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420514","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study","volume":"42","author":"Kalmijn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.397","article-title":"The association between APOE and dementia does not seem to be mediated by vascular factors","volume":"54","author":"Prince","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1047","article-title":"Statin use and the risk of incident dementia: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"62","author":"Rea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.12.4.416","article-title":"Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the very elderly. The Bronx Aging Study","volume":"12","author":"Zimetbaum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.3.254","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of dementia with stroke","volume":"282","author":"Moroney","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.3.517","article-title":"APOE genotype, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and AD in community elderly","volume":"53","author":"Romas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1053","article-title":"Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Study","volume":"163","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00006","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease","volume":"137","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000026149","article-title":"Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Notkola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.103","article-title":"Twenty-six-year change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"64","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000178989.87072.11","article-title":"Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: a community-based cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.705","article-title":"Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia","volume":"61","author":"Reitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib30","first-page":"2357","article-title":"The effect of apoE on dementia is not through atherosclerosis: The Rotterdan Study: Reply","volume":"54","author":"Slooter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000210447.19748.0b","article-title":"Coronary artery disease is associated with Alzheimer disease neuropathology in APOE4 carriers","volume":"66","author":"Beeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000161870.78572.A5","article-title":"High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia","volume":"64","author":"Mielke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7300.1447","article-title":"Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study","volume":"322","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000144281.38555.E3","article-title":"Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia","volume":"63","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1161","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study","volume":"45","author":"Yoshitake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.12.2230","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease, the apolipoprotein e4 allele, and cognitive decline in a community-based study of elderly men","volume":"27","author":"Kalmijn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158274.31318.3C","article-title":"Impact of plasma lipids and time on memory performance in healthy elderly without dementia","volume":"64","author":"Reitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400111","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and cognitive change in an elderly population","volume":"40","author":"Hyman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149519.47454.F2","article-title":"Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life","volume":"64","author":"Whitmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.10.2255","article-title":"Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study","volume":"20","author":"Kalmijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7115.1045","article-title":"Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study","volume":"315","author":"Kuusisto","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02949.x","article-title":"Lower serum cholesterol level and later decline in cognitive function in older people living in the community, Japan","volume":"45","author":"Wada","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530290058012","article-title":"Decline in cognitive performance in aging twins. Heritability and biobehavioral predictors from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study","volume":"49","author":"Swan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000225088.29353.08","article-title":"APOE genotype and cholesterol levels in lewy body dementia and Alzheimer disease: investigating genotype-phenotype effect on disease risk","volume":"14","author":"Borroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256368.57375.b7","article-title":"Serum cholesterol changes after midlife and late-life cognition: twenty-one-year follow-up study","volume":"68","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318050c98f","article-title":"Midlife risk factors for subtypes of dementia: A Nested Case-Control Study in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000229667.98607.34","article-title":"Heterogeneity in risk factors for cognitive impairment, no dementia: population-based longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen Project","volume":"15","author":"Monastero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327404","article-title":"Combined measurement of serum albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol strongly predicts mortality in frail older nursing-home residents","volume":"16","author":"Zuliani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000246869.49892.77","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular risk factors and disease with depression in later life","volume":"15","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03155-X","article-title":"Statins and the risk of dementia","volume":"356","author":"Jick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-10","article-title":"Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews","volume":"7","author":"Shea","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52152.x","article-title":"Increases in serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be beneficial in some high-functioning older adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging.[see comment]","volume":"52","author":"Karlamangla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1683","article-title":"Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study","volume":"56","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748112606010?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1064748112606010?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]],"date-time":"2018-12-22T07:21:22Z","timestamp":1545463282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1064748112606010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":53,"aliases":["10.1097\/jgp.0b013e31816b72d4"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1064748112606010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.jgp.0000310778.20870.ae","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-7481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-7481","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}}}