{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1790145383361,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0b013e3181b2ea30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]],"date-time":"2009-09-04T03:21:57Z","timestamp":1252034517000},"page":"996-1003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Association Between Mental Disorders and Productivity in Treated and Untreated Employees"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Hilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Scuffham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerina","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey A.","family":"Whiteford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797004807","article-title":"The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days.","volume":"27","author":"Kessler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R2-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/mhp.93","article-title":"Lost productivity among full-time workers with mental disorders.","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Ment Health Policy Econ"},{"key":"R3-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31817e9171","article-title":"The prevalence of psychological distress in employees and associated occupational risk factors.","volume":"50","author":"Hilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R4-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(02)00201-3","article-title":"Course of depression, health services costs, and work productivity in an international primary care study.","volume":"24","author":"Simon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"R5-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520370068039","article-title":"Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. Impact on depression in primary care.","volume":"273","author":"Katon","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R6-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1639","article-title":"Depression in the workplace: costs and barriers to treatment.","volume":"52","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"R7-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00420-7","article-title":"Social and economic burden of mood disorders.","volume":"54","author":"Simon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R8-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100202","article-title":"Common mental disorders in the workforce: recent findings from descriptive and social epidemiology.","volume":"51","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R9-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200603","article-title":"An international perspective on worker mental health problems: who bears the burden and how are costs addressed?","volume":"52","author":"Dewa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3135","article-title":"Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression.","volume":"289","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R11-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1561","article-title":"Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers.","volume":"163","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R12-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n1211","article-title":"The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000?","volume":"64","author":"Greenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13-5-20210209","first-page":"983","article-title":"The economic impact of depression in a workplace.","volume":"36","author":"Conti","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"R14-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1274","article-title":"Health and disability costs of depressive illness in a major U.S. corporation.","volume":"157","author":"Druss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200103000-00009","article-title":"The effects of chronic medical conditions on work loss and work cutback.","volume":"43","author":"Kessler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R16-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000121151.40413.bd","article-title":"Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. employers.","volume":"46","author":"Goetzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R17-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000100200.90573.df","article-title":"Chronic medical conditions and work performance in the health and work performance questionnaire calibration surveys.","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R18-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200301000-00007","article-title":"The health and productivity cost burden of the \u201ctop 10\u201d physical and mental health conditions affecting six large U.S. employers in 1999.","volume":"45","author":"Goetzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R19-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318169ccba","article-title":"Comparative and interactive effects of depression relative to other health problems on work performance in the workforce of a large employer.","volume":"50","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R20-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199910000-00007","article-title":"The role of health risk factors and disease on worker productivity.","volume":"41","author":"Burton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R21-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(00)00072-4","article-title":"Recovery from depression, work productivity, and health care costs among primary care patients.","volume":"22","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"R22-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(97)00043-X","article-title":"Workplace performance effects from chronic depression and its treatment.","volume":"17","author":"Berndt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"R23-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820100005001","article-title":"Treatments of depression and the functional capacity to work.","volume":"49","author":"Mintz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R24-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200412000-00007","article-title":"The effect of improving primary care depression management on employee absenteeism and productivity: a randomized trial.","volume":"42","author":"Rost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"R25-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1569","article-title":"Job performance deficits due to depression.","volume":"163","author":"Adler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R26-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1401","article-title":"Telephone screening, outreach, and care management for depressed workers and impact on clinical and work productivity outcomes\u2014a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R27-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.5.731","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, satisfaction with health care, and 2-year work outcomes in an employed population.","volume":"158","author":"Druss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31818c30a8","article-title":"Mental ill-health and the differential effect of employee type on absenteeism and presenteeism.","volume":"50","author":"Hilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R29-5-20210209","first-page":"507","article-title":"Corporate barriers preventing the initiation of mental health programs.","volume":"24","author":"Cleary","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Health Safety\u2014Aust NZ"},{"key":"R30-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327019eb0704_2","article-title":"Effects of consent form information on self-disclosure.","volume":"7","author":"Sigmon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ethics Behav"},{"key":"R31-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327019eb0102_3","article-title":"Effects of researcher follow-up of distressed subjects: tradeoff between validity and ethical responsibility.","volume":"1","author":"Stanton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ethics Behav"},{"key":"R32-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51","article-title":"The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ).","volume":"45","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R33-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000126683.75201.c5","article-title":"Using the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) to evaluate the indirect workplace costs of illness.","volume":"46","author":"Kessler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R34-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress.","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R35-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006700","article-title":"The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.","volume":"33","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R36-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population.","volume":"60","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R37-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200209","article-title":"Evaluation of 2 measures of psychological distress as screeners for depression in the general population.","volume":"52","author":"Cairney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R38-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000126684.82825.0a","article-title":"The clinical and occupational correlates of work productivity loss among employed patients with depression.","volume":"46","author":"Lerner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R39-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.275","article-title":"Employee absenteeism measures reflecting current work practices may be instrumental in a re-evaluation of the relationship between psychological distress\/mental health and absenteeism.","volume":"18","author":"Hilton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R41-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(99)00028-7","article-title":"Productivity losses without absence: measurement validation and empirical evidence.","volume":"48","author":"Brouwer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"R42-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.9.1209","article-title":"A community study of depression treatment and employment earnings.","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"382","key":"R43-5-20210209","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of adults with serious psychological distress as measured by the K6 scale: United States, 2001\u201304.","author":"Pratt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"R44-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00040-X","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV major depression in an Australian national survey.","volume":"75","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R45-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R46-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00851.x","article-title":"Economic costs of minor depression: a population-based study.","volume":"115","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R47-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.10.024","article-title":"Which presenteeism measures are more sensitive to depression and anxiety?","volume":"101","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R48-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00348-8","article-title":"Minor depression: risk profiles, functional disability, health care use and risk of developing major depression.","volume":"79","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R49-5-20210209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701005098","article-title":"Psychosocial work characteristics as risk factors for the onset of fatigue and psychological distress: prospective results from the Maastricht Cohort Study.","volume":"32","author":"Bultmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00043764-200909000-00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:56:50Z","timestamp":1786039010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00043764-200909000-00005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jom.0b013e3181b2ea30","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2752","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}