{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:29:52Z","timestamp":1791606592743,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/jsm.0000000000000085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T10:20:45Z","timestamp":1393323645000},"page":"96-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mary Jane","family":"De Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Nattiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhusmita","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy I.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Mallinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna C.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Olmsted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marci","family":"Goolsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31828b67cf","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sportthe 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, held in Zurich, November 2012.","volume":"23","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R2-2-20210128","first-page":"1867","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad.","volume":"39","author":"Nattiv","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R3-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199705000-00037","article-title":"American college of sports medicine position stand. The female athlete triad.","volume":"29","author":"Otis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R4-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.171","article-title":"Severity of energy-related menstrual disturbances increases in proportion to indices of energy conservation in exercising women.","volume":"88","author":"De Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R5-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8024","article-title":"Evidence for a causal role of low energy availability in the induction of menstrual cycle disturbances during strenuous exercise training.","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R6-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020369","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women.","volume":"88","author":"Loucks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R7-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.013","article-title":"The presence of both an energy deficiency and estrogen deficiency exacerbate alterations of bone metabolism in exercising women.","volume":"43","author":"De Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R8-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306070.67390.cb","article-title":"Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor for bone loss.","volume":"4","author":"De Souza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"R9-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040410","article-title":"Dose-response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women.","volume":"19","author":"Ihle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R10-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.05.008","article-title":"Body composition and reproductive function exert unique influences on indices of bone health in exercising women.","volume":"56","author":"Mallinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R11-2-20210128","first-page":"4220","article-title":"High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during luteal-follicular transition.","volume":"83","author":"De Souza","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R12-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep411","article-title":"High prevalence of subtle and severe menstrual disturbances in exercising women: confirmation using daily hormone measures.","volume":"25","author":"De Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R13-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971888","article-title":"Bone mineral density and menstrual irregularities. A comparative study on cortical and trabecular bone structures in runners with alleged normal eating behavior.","volume":"19","author":"Tomten","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"R14-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.7.1191","article-title":"Urinary ovarian and gonadotropin hormone levels in premenopausal women with low bone mass.","volume":"13","author":"Sowers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R15-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.34","article-title":"Prospective study of physical activity and risk of developing a stress fracture among preadolescent and adolescent girls.","volume":"165","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R16-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182963d75","article-title":"Identifying sex-specific risk factors for stress fractures in adolescent runners.","volume":"45","author":"Tenforde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R18-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513490645","article-title":"Correlation of MRI grading of bone stress injuries with clinical risk factors and return to play: a 5-year prospective study in collegiate track and field athletes.","volume":"41","author":"Nattiv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R20-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318074e54b","article-title":"Risk factors for stress fracture among young female cross-country runners.","volume":"39","author":"Kelsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R21-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90225-9","article-title":"The relation between stress fractures and bone mineral density: evidence from active-duty Army women.","volume":"81","author":"Lauder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R22-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000227543.51293.9d","article-title":"Epidemiology of stress fracture and lower-extremity overuse injury in female recruits.","volume":"38","author":"Rauh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R24-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.37","article-title":"Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women.","volume":"84","author":"Loucks","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R25-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E43","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.1.E43","article-title":"Low energy availability, not exercise stress, suppresses the diurnal rhythm of leptin in healthy young women.","volume":"278","author":"Hilton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R26-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907000-00006","article-title":"Effects of short-term strenuous endurance exercise upon corpus luteum function.","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R27-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8113","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in reproductive hormones and menstrual cyclicity in cynomolgus monkeys during strenuous exercise training: abrupt transition to exercise-induced amenorrhea.","volume":"142","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R28-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737040-00019","article-title":"Low energy availability in the marathon and other endurance sports.","volume":"37","author":"Loucks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"R29-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh033","article-title":"Physiological aspects and clinical sequelae of energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism in exercising women.","volume":"10","author":"De Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"R30-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505233122103","article-title":"Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women.","volume":"312","author":"Bullen","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R31-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1401","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00547.2006","article-title":"Long-term estrogen deficiency lowers regional blood flow, resting systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in exercising premenopausal women.","volume":"292","author":"ODonnell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R32-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1286","article-title":"Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and unfavorable lipid profile.","volume":"90","author":"Rickenlund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R33-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a32b72","article-title":"Ovarian suppression impairs sport performance in junior elite female swimmers.","volume":"46","author":"Vanheest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R34-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904083401407","article-title":"Eating disorders.","volume":"340","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R35-2-20210128","first-page":"496","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescents: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.","volume":"33","author":"Golden","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"R36-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e98","article-title":"Children and adolescents with eating disorders: the state of the art.","volume":"111","author":"Rome","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R37-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-013-9168-9","article-title":"Update on the female athlete triad.","volume":"6","author":"Barrack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"R38-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200405000-00008","article-title":"Preparticipation physical examination: selected issues for the female athlete.","volume":"14","author":"Rumball","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R39-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000179136.69598.37","article-title":"Use of the preparticipation physical examination form to screen for the female athlete triad in Canadian interuniversity sport universities.","volume":"15","author":"Rumball","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R40-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.064394","article-title":"The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes March 2009.","volume":"43","author":"Ljungqvist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"R43-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.3.243","article-title":"Relationships among injury and disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in high school athletes: a prospective study.","volume":"45","author":"Rauh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"R44-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.1.74","article-title":"Menstrual irregularity and musculoskeletal injury in female high school athletes.","volume":"47","author":"Thein-Nissenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"R45-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117034","article-title":"Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model.","volume":"93","author":"Matkovic","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R46-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a03b8b","article-title":"Low bone density risk is higher in exercising women with multiple Triad risk factors.","volume":"46","author":"Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R47-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-013-0055-6","article-title":"Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents.","volume":"18","author":"Francisco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"R48-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1113","article-title":"Eating disordered behaviours in Portuguese athletes: the influence of personal, sport, and psychological variables.","volume":"19","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"R49-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002631","article-title":"Who is really at risk Identifying risk factors for subthreshold and full syndrome eating disorders in a high-risk sample.","volume":"41","author":"Jacobi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R50-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1988.11709603","article-title":"Pathogenic weight-control behaviors of female college gymnasts.","volume":"16","author":"Rosen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phy Sportsmed"},{"key":"R51-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22174","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of dieting and disordered eating among young adults in the US.","volume":"46","author":"Liechty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R52-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199404000-00003","article-title":"Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes.","volume":"26","author":"Sundgot-Borgen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"R54-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x","article-title":"Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high-intensity sports.","volume":"20","author":"Sundgot-Borgen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"R55-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199112040-00001","article-title":"Eating disorders in female athletes.","volume":"12","author":"Leon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"R56-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3312","article-title":"Associations between disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injury among high school athletes.","volume":"41","author":"Thein-Nissenbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"R57-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2481","article-title":"Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign.","volume":"118","author":"Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R58-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.2.139","article-title":"Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception.","volume":"159","author":"Scholes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R59-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E364","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2145","article-title":"Family history predicts stress fracture in active female adolescents.","volume":"120","author":"Loud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R61-2-20210128","first-page":"709","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance.","volume":"41","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R62-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49641-X","article-title":"Nutritional intakes and status of highly trained amenorrheic and eumenorrheic women runners.","volume":"46","author":"Deuster","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R63-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198904000-00002","article-title":"Nutritional, physiological, and menstrual status of distance runners.","volume":"21","author":"Kaiserauer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R64-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00004","article-title":"Resting metabolic rate and energy balance in amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runners.","volume":"23","author":"Myerson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R65-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-2-158","article-title":"Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women distance runners. Endocrine and metabolic features.","volume":"102","author":"Marcus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R66-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1676","article-title":"Calculation of expected body weight in adolescents with eating disorders.","volume":"129","author":"Le Grange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R67-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03332.x","article-title":"Relationships between vascular resistance and energy deficiency, nutritional status and oxidative stress in oestrogen deficient physically active women.","volume":"70","author":"ODonnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"R68-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.4.280","article-title":"The association of a high drive for thinness with energy deficiency and severe menstrual disturbances: confirmation in a large population of exercising women.","volume":"21","author":"Gibbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"R69-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.09.016","article-title":"Elevated PYY is associated with energy deficiency and indices of subclinical disordered eating in exercising women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.","volume":"52","author":"Scheid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"R70-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.10.009","article-title":"Drive for thinness score is a proxy indicator of energy deficiency in exercising women.","volume":"48","author":"De Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"R71-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.20.3.245","article-title":"Comparison of strategies for assessing nutritional adequacy in elite female athletes dietary intake.","volume":"20","author":"Heaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"R72-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values.","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R73-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.513482","article-title":"Parallel assessment of nutrition and activity in athletes: validation against doubly labelled water, 24-h urea excretion, and indirect calorimetry.","volume":"28","author":"Koehler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"R74-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.211","article-title":"The impact of recent technological advances on the trueness and precision of DXA to assess body composition.","volume":"20","author":"Toombs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"R75-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092561","article-title":"Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission.","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R77-2-20210128","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Current evaluation of amenorrhea.","volume":"82","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R79-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2350","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.","volume":"98","author":"Legro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R80-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.08.106","article-title":"International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions.","volume":"43","author":"Lewiecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R82-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200011000-00002","article-title":"High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment.","volume":"8","author":"Boden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"R83-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200104000-00002","article-title":"Stress fracture sites related to underlying bone health in athletic females.","volume":"11","author":"Marx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R84-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070062","article-title":"Drug-induced bone loss.","volume":"11","author":"Tannirandorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R85-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.002","article-title":"Indications of DXA in women younger than 65 years and men younger than 70 years: the 2013 official positions.","volume":"16","author":"Malabanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"R86-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31817a8b55","article-title":"Special report on the 2007 Pediatric Position Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.","volume":"101","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"R87-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.9.1.70","article-title":"Energy and nutrient status of amenorrheic athletes participating in a diet and exercise training intervention program.","volume":"9","author":"Kopp-Woodroffe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr"},{"key":"R88-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.6.1.24","article-title":"Treatment of athletic amenorrhea with a diet and training intervention program.","volume":"6","author":"Dueck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr"},{"key":"R89-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.2.98","article-title":"Restoration of menses with nonpharmacologic therapy in college athletes with menstrual disturbances: a 5-year retrospective study.","volume":"22","author":"Arends","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"R90-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1434","article-title":"Weight gain and restoration of menses as predictors of bone mineral density change in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa-1.","volume":"93","author":"Misra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R91-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170380020003","article-title":"Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"151","author":"Golden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R93-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1361","article-title":"Regional body composition in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and changes with weight recovery.","volume":"77","author":"Misra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R94-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-10-34","article-title":"A case report of recovery of menstrual function following a nutritional intervention in two exercising women with amenorrhea of varying duration.","volume":"10","author":"Mallinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"R95-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2818","article-title":"Determinants of skeletal loss and recovery in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"91","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R96-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200204000-00016","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical determinants of bone metabolism and bone mass in adolescent female patients with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"51","author":"Audi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"R97-2-20210128","first-page":"301","article-title":"Athletic amenorrhea and endothelial dysfunction.","volume":"106","author":"Hoch","year":"2007","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"R98-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.610","article-title":"Medical concerns in the female athlete.","volume":"106","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R99-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e318296190b","article-title":"Recognition and rehabilitation of the female athlete triadtetrad: a multidisciplinary approach.","volume":"12","author":"Temme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"R100-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20232","article-title":"Practical use of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission position stand on the female athlete triad: a case example.","volume":"39","author":"Sherman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R102-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1249\/00149619-200312000-00009","article-title":"The multidisciplinary team approach to the outpatient treatment of disordered eating.","volume":"2","author":"Joy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"R103-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2002.2e276.x","article-title":"Weight and eating disorders in elite athletes.","volume":"12","author":"Sundgot-Borgen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"R104-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.740504","article-title":"Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment.","volume":"13","author":"Bratland-Sanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"R105-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000106186.68674.2C","article-title":"Annual changes of bone density over 12 years in an amenorrheic athlete.","volume":"36","author":"Zanker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R106-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000177561.95201.8f","article-title":"Normalization of bone density in a previously amenorrheic runner with osteoporosis.","volume":"37","author":"Fredericson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R107-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.92","article-title":"Treatment of anorexia nervosa is associated with increases in bone mineral density, and recovery is a biphasic process involving both nutrition and return of menses.","volume":"86","author":"Dominguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R110-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.963","article-title":"Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation.","volume":"54","author":"Cunningham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R111-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: a systematic review.","volume":"105","author":"Frankenfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"R112-2-20210128","first-page":"72","article-title":"Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements.","volume":"50","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R114-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.733019","article-title":"Changes in energy availability across the season in Division I female soccer players.","volume":"31","author":"Reed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"R115-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1093","article-title":"What patients with anorexia nervosa should wear when they are being weighed: report of two pilot surveys.","volume":"19","author":"Jaffa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"R116-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.005","article-title":"Advances in management of the female athlete triad and eating disorders.","volume":"30","author":"Zach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"R117-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20370","article-title":"Binge eating disorder treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"40","author":"Brownley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R118-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20372","article-title":"Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"40","author":"Shapiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R119-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20436","article-title":"Classification of eating disorders: toward DSM-V.","volume":"40","author":"Wilfley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R120-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)01124-5","article-title":"Recovery of ovarian activity in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea who were treated with cognitive behavior therapy.","volume":"80","author":"Berga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R121-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000089338.66054.A5","article-title":"Musculoskeletal response to exercise is greatest in women with low initial values.","volume":"35","author":"Winters-Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R122-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834b4bdc","article-title":"Bone health in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"18","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"R123-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.11.015","article-title":"Marked increases in bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in patients with anorexia nervosa gaining weight.","volume":"40","author":"Viapiana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R124-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1972-7","article-title":"A prospective study of changes in bone turnover and bone density associated with regaining weight in women with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"16","author":"Bolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R125-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1904-6","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density, body composition and biochemical markers of bone turnover during weight gain in adolescents with severe anorexia nervosa: a 1-year prospective study.","volume":"17","author":"Compston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R126-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.774","article-title":"Bone turnover during inpatient nutritional therapy and outpatient follow-up in patients with anorexia nervosa compared with that in healthy control subjects.","volume":"80","author":"Heer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R127-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390276","article-title":"The importance of body weight history in the occurrence and recovery of osteoporosis in patients with anorexia nervosa: evaluation by dual x-ray absorptiometry and bone metabolic markers.","volume":"139","author":"Hotta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R128-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1614","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture is impaired in adolescent amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes and nonathletic controls.","volume":"96","author":"Ackerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R129-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665108005971","article-title":"Exercise for optimising peak bone mass in women.","volume":"67","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"R130-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041119","article-title":"Femoral neck structure in adult female athletes subjected to different loading modalities.","volume":"20","author":"Nikander","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R131-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0870343","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density associated with dietary-induced loss of body mass in young women.","volume":"87","author":"Ramsdale","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"R132-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.12.1805","article-title":"Pre- and postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density responses to the same high-impact exercise.","volume":"13","author":"Bassey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R133-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1659-5","article-title":"Effects of high-impact exercise on bone mineral density: a randomized controlled trial in premenopausal women.","volume":"16","author":"Vainionpaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R134-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.06.005","article-title":"Site-specific response of bone to exercise in premenopausal women.","volume":"39","author":"Winters-Stone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R135-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00666.2005","article-title":"Effect of low-repetition jump training on bone mineral density in young women.","volume":"100","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R136-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636080-00005","article-title":"Progressive high-intensity resistance training and bone mineral density changes among premenopausal women: evidence of discordant site-specific skeletal effects.","volume":"36","author":"Martyn-St James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"R137-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223001089","article-title":"Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women.","volume":"67","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R138-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90026-1","article-title":"Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling.","volume":"20","author":"Lanyon","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R139-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553711","article-title":"Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude.","volume":"37","author":"Rubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R140-2-20210128","first-page":"741639","article-title":"Exercise and bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"2013","author":"Kelley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R141-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0139-6","article-title":"Effects of different impact exercise modalities on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Martyn-St James","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"R142-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/154099904323016455","article-title":"Efficacy of resistance exercise on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.","volume":"13","author":"Kelley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"R143-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults.","volume":"41","author":"Chodzko-Zajko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R144-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2855","article-title":"Relationships between serum adipokines, insulin levels, and bone density in girls with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"92","author":"Misra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R145-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2392","article-title":"Bone metabolism in adolescent athletes with amenorrhea, athletes with eumenorrhea, and control subjects.","volume":"121","author":"Christo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R146-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.05.008","article-title":"Femoral bone structural geometry adapts to mechanical loading and is influenced by sex steroids: the Penn State Young Womens Health Study.","volume":"35","author":"Petit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R147-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1868","article-title":"Correlates of stress fractures among preadolescent and adolescent girls.","volume":"115","author":"Loud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R149-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.323","article-title":"Effects of repetitive loading on the growth-induced changes in bone mass and cortical bone geometry: a 12-month study in preperi- and postmenarcheal tennis players.","volume":"26","author":"Ducher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R150-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.07.019","article-title":"Cortical microstructure and estimated bone strength in young amenorrheic athletes, eumenorrheic athletes and non-athletes.","volume":"51","author":"Ackerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R151-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380030082032","article-title":"Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic athletes.","volume":"256","author":"Drinkwater","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R153-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623770","article-title":"Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrheic athletes.","volume":"7","author":"Keen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R154-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112439685","article-title":"The female athlete triad.","volume":"4","author":"Nazem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"R156-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2011.533604","article-title":"The application of mindfulness to eating disorders treatment: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"Wanden-Berghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"R158-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.602720","article-title":"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders.","volume":"12","author":"Aigner","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R159-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12178","article-title":"Women with anorexia nervosa should not be treated with estrogen or birth control pills in a bone-sparing effect.","volume":"92","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R160-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00660-5","article-title":"Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: a longitudinal study.","volume":"80","author":"Warren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R161-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318074e532","article-title":"The effect of oral contraceptives on bone mass and stress fractures in female runners.","volume":"39","author":"Cobb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R162-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050228","article-title":"Treatment of reduced bone mineral density in athletic amenorrhea: a pilot study.","volume":"10","author":"Gibson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R163-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0035","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action.","volume":"25","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R164-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-2-374","article-title":"Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and GH-binding protein in postmenopausal women.","volume":"72","author":"Weissberger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R165-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90933.2008","article-title":"Effect of administration of oral contraceptives in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon and muscle connective tissue in young women.","volume":"106","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R166-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000064935.68277.E7","article-title":"Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in female runners.","volume":"35","author":"Cobb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R167-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.09.010","article-title":"Effects of an oral contraceptive (norgestimateethinyl estradiol) on bone mineral density in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"39","author":"Strokosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"R168-2-20210128","first-page":"898","article-title":"The effects of estrogen administration on trabecular bone loss in young women with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"80","author":"Klibanski","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R169-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0518-6","article-title":"Strategies to reverse bone loss in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"19","author":"Vescovi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R170-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.05.017","article-title":"Age at first oral contraceptive use as a major determinant of vertebral bone mass in female endurance athletes.","volume":"35","author":"Hartard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R171-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440180051005","article-title":"Exercise-associated amenorrhea, low bone density, and estrogen replacement therapy.","volume":"156","author":"Cumming","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R172-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031334","article-title":"Effects of oral contraceptives on body composition and physical performance in female athletes.","volume":"89","author":"Rickenlund","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R173-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep350","article-title":"Effects of oral contraceptives on diurnal profiles of insulin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, growth hormone and cortisol in endurance athletes with menstrual disturbance.","volume":"25","author":"Rickenlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R174-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.03.007","article-title":"Effects of an oral contraceptive (norgestimateethinyl estradiol) on bone mineral density in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and osteopenia: an open-label extension of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"72","author":"Warren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"R175-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025002","article-title":"Suitability of cyproterone acetate in the treatment of osteoporosis associated with athletic amenorrhea.","volume":"9","author":"De Cree","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"R176-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00004","article-title":"Oligo-amenorrheic long-distance runners may lose more bone in spine than in femur.","volume":"33","author":"Gremion","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R177-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70396-X","article-title":"Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months.","volume":"176","author":"Hergenroeder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R178-2-20210128","first-page":"55","article-title":"Growth hormone and bone.","volume":"19","author":"Ohlsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R179-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-410473-0.00009-X","article-title":"The influence of estrogen therapies on bone mineral density in premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa and amenorrhea.","volume":"92","author":"Lebow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"R180-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.447","article-title":"Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"26","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R181-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:12:3:279","article-title":"Effects of immobilization stress on estrogen-induced surges of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized rats.","volume":"12","author":"Kam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"R182-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01691-5","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor-I system and hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"75","author":"Cardim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R183-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.09.011","article-title":"Effects of the contraceptive patch and the vaginal ring on bone metabolism and bone mineral density: a prospective, controlled, randomized study.","volume":"81","author":"Massaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"R184-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei117","article-title":"The combined contraceptive vaginal ring and bone mineral density in healthy pre-menopausal women.","volume":"20","author":"Massai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R185-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1964","article-title":"Oral contraceptives improve endothelial function in amenorrheic athletes.","volume":"90","author":"Rickenlund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R186-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.08.111","article-title":"Androgen prevents hypogonadal bone loss via inhibition of resorption mediated by mature osteoblastsosteocytes.","volume":"51","author":"Wiren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R188-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.10.4319","article-title":"The localization of androgen receptors in human bone.","volume":"82","author":"Abu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R189-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0380","article-title":"Effects of risedronate and low-dose transdermal testosterone on bone mineral density in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"96","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R190-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040388","article-title":"Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.","volume":"351","author":"Welt","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R191-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.05.016","article-title":"Long-term metreleptin treatment increases bone mineral density and content at the lumbar spine of lean hypoleptinemic women.","volume":"60","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"R192-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015674108","article-title":"Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea.","volume":"108","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R193-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.06.002","article-title":"Effects of rhIGF-1 administration on surrogate markers of bone turnover in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"45","author":"Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R194-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8574","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human IGF-I and oral contraceptive administration on bone density in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"87","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R195-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0593","article-title":"Ghrelin suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone in humans.","volume":"92","author":"Kluge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R196-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0330","article-title":"Adiponectin activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and decreases luteinizing hormone secretion in LbetaT2 gonadotropes.","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R197-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.04.146","article-title":"Globular adiponectin inhibits GnRH secretion from GT1-7 hypothalamic GnRH neurons by induction of hyperpolarization of membrane potential.","volume":"371","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"R198-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040038","article-title":"Peptide YY regulates bone remodeling in mice: a link between gut and skeletal biology.","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R199-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060707","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway.","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R200-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1244","article-title":"Decrease in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during a five-hour peripheral ghrelin infusion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey.","volume":"89","author":"Vulliemoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R201-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2008.04.003","article-title":"National Osteoporosis Foundation 2008 Clinicians Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis and the World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX): what they mean to the bone densitometrist and bone technologist.","volume":"11","author":"Watts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"R203-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.04.005","article-title":"Loading modalities and bone structures at nonweight-bearing upper extremity and weight-bearing lower extremity: a pQCT study of adult female athletes.","volume":"39","author":"Nikander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"R204-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2249","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture.","volume":"44","author":"Estrada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R206-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc062792","article-title":"Prolonged bisphosphonate release after treatment in children.","volume":"356","author":"Papapoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R207-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0167-y","article-title":"Atypical femoral fractures: a review of the literature.","volume":"11","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"R208-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1998","article-title":"Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.","volume":"29","author":"Shane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R209-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0707onj","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.","volume":"22","author":"Khosla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R210-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1659","article-title":"Alendronate for the treatment of osteopenia in anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"90","author":"Golden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R211-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050164","article-title":"The relationships between the degree of beta-isomerization of type I collagen degradation products in the urine and aging, menopause and osteoporosis with fractures.","volume":"9","author":"Hoshino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R212-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61091-0","article-title":"Risedronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"382","author":"Bishop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R213-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9630-5","article-title":"Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.","volume":"91","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R214-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1531","article-title":"Clinical review 1: bisphosphonate use in childhood osteoporosis.","volume":"94","author":"Bachrach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R215-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2961","article-title":"Clinical report-bone densitometry in children and adolescents.","volume":"127","author":"Bachrach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R217-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4137\/CMED.S9663","article-title":"Role of teriparatide in accelerating metatarsal stress fracture healing: a case series and review of literature.","volume":"5","author":"Raghavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"R219-2-20210128","first-page":"6","article-title":"A displaced stress fracture of the femoral neck in an adolescent female distance runner with female athlete triad: a case report.","volume":"2","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol"},{"key":"R220-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.3.696S","article-title":"Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt.","volume":"134","author":"Whiting","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R222-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R226-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9788-5","article-title":"Teriparatide treatment of severe osteoporosis reduces the risk of vertebral fractures compared with standard care in routine clinical practice.","volume":"94","author":"Oswald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R227-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01473.x","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of osteoporosis.","volume":"92","author":"Eriksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R228-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199307000-00003","article-title":"The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis.","volume":"25","author":"Yeager","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R229-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182750534","article-title":"The team physician and the return-to-play decision: a consensus statement-2012 update.","volume":"44","author":"Herring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R230-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","article-title":"FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK.","volume":"19","author":"Kanis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R231-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328356d2f5","article-title":"FRAX updates 2012.","volume":"24","author":"McCloskey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R232-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829ba437","article-title":"Team physician consensus statement: 2013 update.","volume":"45","author":"Herring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R233-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181f3c0fe","article-title":"Return-to-play in sport: a decision-based model.","volume":"20","author":"Creighton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R234-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.011338","article-title":"Participation in leanness sports but not training volume is associated with menstrual dysfunction: a national survey of 1276 elite athletes and controls.","volume":"39","author":"Torstveit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"R235-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2852","article-title":"Impact of fatness, fitness, and ethnicity on the relationship of nocturnal ghrelin to 24-hour luteinizing hormone concentrations in adolescent girls.","volume":"92","author":"Kasa-Vubu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R237-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111429929","article-title":"A displaced femoral neck stress fracture in an amenorrheic adolescent female runner.","volume":"4","author":"Goolsby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"R238-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.1.70","article-title":"Displaced stress fracture of the femoral neck in an active amenorrhoeic adolescent.","volume":"31","author":"Haddad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"R239-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates.","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"R240-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05363-5","article-title":"Long-term prognosis in anorexia nervosa: lessons from a 21-year follow-up study.","volume":"355","author":"Zipfel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R241-2-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070868","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.","volume":"170","author":"Franko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T01:51:44Z","timestamp":1620957104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00042752-201403000-00002"}},"subtitle":["1st International Conference Held in San Francisco, CA, May 2012, and 2nd International Conference Held in Indianapolis, IN, May 2013"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jsm.0000000000000085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-642X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-642X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}}}