{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1786120271521,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/jsm.0b013e3182420699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T19:41:28Z","timestamp":1325792488000},"page":"39-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Autonomic Dysreflexia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52014-4","article-title":"The clinical problems in cardiovascular control following spinal cord injury: an overview.","volume":"152","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"R3-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.08.003","article-title":"Autonomic function following cervical spinal cord injury.","volume":"169","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R4-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury.","volume":"90","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R5-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80158-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular abnormalities accompanying acute spinal cord injury in humans: incidence, time course and severity.","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R6-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1985.2.153","article-title":"Cardiovascular instability following acute cervical spinal cord trauma.","volume":"2","author":"Piepmeier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Trauma"},{"key":"R7-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4065\/71.4.384","article-title":"Spinal shock.","volume":"71","author":"Atkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R8-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200203001-00012","article-title":"Blood pressure management after acute spinal cord injury.","volume":"50","author":"Hadley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R9-7-20210128","first-page":"1033","article-title":"What, if anything, is spinal shock Arch Neurol.","volume":"56","author":"Nacimiento","year":"1999","journal-title":""},{"key":"R10-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.2.0239","article-title":"Combined medical and surgical treatment after acute spinal cord injury: results of a prospective pilot study to assess the merits of aggressive medical resuscitation and blood pressure management.","volume":"87","author":"Vale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R11-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754575","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury.","volume":"26","author":"Marino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R12-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.5.473","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury.","volume":"62","author":"Curt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13-7-20210128","first-page":"289","article-title":"Self-induced autonomic dysreflexia (boosting) practised by some tetraplegic athletes to enhance their athletic performance.","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"R14-7-20210128","first-page":"292","article-title":"Testosterone, cortisol and catecholamine responses to exercise stress and autonomic dysreflexia in elite quadriplegic athletes.","volume":"32","author":"Wheeler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"R15-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.505678","article-title":"Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cord injury: knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport.","volume":"32","author":"Bhambhani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R16-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11330","article-title":"Catecholamines response of high performance wheelchair athletes at rest and during exercise with autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"22","author":"Schmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"R17-7-20210128","first-page":"74","article-title":"Boosting performance in disability sport.","volume":"33","author":"Webborn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"R18-7-20210128","first-page":"355","article-title":"Fatal cerebral hemorrhage due to autonomic dysreflexia in a tetraplegic patient: case report and review.","volume":"30","author":"Eltorai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"R19-7-20210128","first-page":"834","article-title":"Seizures secondary to autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"67","author":"Yarkony","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R20-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199110000-00008","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation associated with autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"70","author":"Pine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R21-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.152","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia and associated acute neurogenic pulmonary edema in a patient with spinal cord injury: a case report and review of the literature.","volume":"47","author":"Calder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R22-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.2","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia and myocardial ischemia.","volume":"48","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R24-7-20210128","first-page":"39","article-title":"Which pathways must be spared in the injured human spinal cord to retain cardiovascular control Prog Brain Res.","volume":"152","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2005","journal-title":""},{"key":"R25-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.10.1127","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord injury and the need for cardiovascular intervention.","volume":"138","author":"Bilello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"R26-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.05.011","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses and postexercise hypotension after arm cycling exercise in subjects with spinal cord injury.","volume":"87","author":"Claydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R27-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0800271","article-title":"Diurnal blood pressure variation in quadriplegic chronic spinal cord injury patients.","volume":"80","author":"Krum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"R28-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715120-00083","article-title":"Circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with higher and lower spinal cord injury: simultaneous evaluation of autonomic nervous activity and physical activity.","volume":"15","author":"Munakata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"R29-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.50.030188.003045","article-title":"Cardiovascular control in spinal man.","volume":"50","author":"Mathias","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"R30-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3848","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system following spinal cord injuries.","volume":"81","author":"Teasell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R31-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury.","volume":"23","author":"Claydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R32-7-20210128","first-page":"851","article-title":"Vasopressin response to hyperosmotic stimulus: blood pressure effect in normal subjects and patients with impaired sympathetic systems.","volume":"A6","author":"DiPette","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"R33-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00897.2001","article-title":"Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training.","volume":"93","author":"Hopman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R34-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101847","article-title":"Malignant autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured men.","volume":"44","author":"Elliott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R35-7-20210128","first-page":"285","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury.","volume":"18","author":"Lindan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"R36-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(83)90083-8","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of malfunctioning sympathetic mechanisms in tetraplegia.","volume":"7","author":"Mathias","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R37-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100867","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"37","author":"Karlsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R38-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11753691","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia: incidence in persons with neurologically complete and incomplete tetraplegia.","volume":"26","author":"Helkowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R39-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504322778659","article-title":"Is there a relationship between chronic pain and autonomic dysreflexia in persons with cervical spinal cord injury.","volume":"21","author":"Widerstrom-Noga","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R40-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population.","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R41-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503767869944","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in acute spinal cord injury: an under-recognized clinical entity.","volume":"20","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R42-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969509087077","article-title":"Reflex and morphological changes in spinal preganglionic neurons after cord injury in rats.","volume":"17","author":"Krassioukov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"R43-7-20210128","first-page":"H2077","article-title":"Episodic hypertension due to autonomic dysreflexia in acute and chronic spinal cord-injured rats.","volume":"268","author":"Krassioukov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R44-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.09.018","article-title":"Recurrent autonomic dysreflexia exacerbates vascular dysfunction after spinal cord injury.","volume":"10","author":"Alan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"R45-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503322686148","article-title":"Descending vasomotor pathways in humans: correlation between axonal preservation and cardiovascular dysfunction after spinal cord injury.","volume":"20","author":"Furlan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R46-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00294-S","article-title":"Morphological changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons after cord injury in rats.","volume":"70","author":"Krassioukov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R47-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102020","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in chronic human spinal cord injury.","volume":"45","author":"Ackery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R48-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07405.1999","article-title":"Neutralizing intraspinal nerve growth factor blocks autonomic dysreflexia caused by spinal cord injury.","volume":"19","author":"Krenz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R49-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01818891","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in tetraplegic patients: evidence for alpha-adrenoceptor hyper-responsiveness.","volume":"5","author":"Arnold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"R50-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100718","article-title":"The changes in human spinal cord sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury.","volume":"37","author":"Krassioukov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R51-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38180-6","article-title":"Autonomic hyperreflexia in spinal cord injury patient during percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stone: a case report.","volume":"146","author":"Chang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R52-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100684","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamics.","volume":"36","author":"Giannantoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R53-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00154.2005","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during sperm retrieval in spinal cord injury: influence of lesion level and sildenafil citrate.","volume":"99","author":"Sheel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R54-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.36070","article-title":"Silent autonomic dysreflexia during a routine bowel program in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury: a preliminary study.","volume":"83","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R55-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11753978","article-title":"Incidence of autonomic dysreflexia and silent autonomic dysreflexia in men with spinal cord injury undergoing sperm retrieval: implications for clinical practice.","volume":"31","author":"Ekland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R56-7-20210128","first-page":"R566","article-title":"Effects of bilateral vagal cold block on vasopressin in conscious dogs.","volume":"246","author":"Bishop","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R57-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100996","article-title":"Early autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"38","author":"Silver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R58-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.017","article-title":"A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury.","volume":"90","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R59-7-20210128","first-page":"284","article-title":"Acute management of autonomic dysreflexia: adults with spinal cord injury presenting to health-care facilities. Consortium for spinal cord.","volume":"20","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R61-7-20210128","first-page":"355","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia: pharmacological management of hypertensive crises in spinal cord injured patients.","volume":"20","author":"Naftchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"R62-7-20210128","first-page":"931","article-title":"Rehabilitation medicine: 1. Autonomic dysreflexia.","volume":"169","author":"Blackmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"R63-7-20210128","first-page":"433","article-title":"Exercise responses and quadriplegia.","volume":"25","author":"Figoni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R64-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-2806(98)80003-0","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord injury on the heart and cardiovascular fitness.","volume":"23","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"R65-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.2.671","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to arm cranking and FNS-induced leg exercise in paraplegics.","volume":"69","author":"Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R66-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199305000-00008","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses in persons with paraplegia to prolonged arm exercise and thermal stress.","volume":"25","author":"Hopman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R67-7-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intentional induction of autonomic dysreflexia among quadriplegic athletes for performance enhancement: efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action.","volume":"4","author":"Burnham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"R68-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.021","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to autonomic dysreflexia in a young person with incomplete C8 tetraplegia: a case report.","volume":"86","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R69-7-20210128","first-page":"225","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in wheelchair sport: a new game in the legal arena Marq Sports L Rev.","volume":"8","author":"Legg","year":"1998","journal-title":""},{"key":"R70-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.2","article-title":"Autonomic function as a missing piece of the classification of Paralympic athletes with spinal cord injury.","volume":"49","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182420699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:24:56Z","timestamp":1786047896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00042752-201201000-00007"}},"subtitle":["Current Evidence Related to Unstable Arterial Blood Pressure Control Among Athletes With Spinal Cord Injury"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jsm.0b013e3182420699","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-642X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-642X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}