{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:58:50Z","timestamp":1791939530406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/maj.0b013e3181aaee91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T03:36:37Z","timestamp":1247196997000},"page":"40-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"338","author":[{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Judd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin","family":"Tangpricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0020-y","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health","volume":"10","author":"Khazai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.099","article-title":"1,25(OH)2-vitamm D3 actions on cell proliferation, size, gene expression, and receptor localization, in the HL-1 cardiac myocyte","volume":"103","author":"Nibbelink","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.046","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D analogs on gene expression profiling in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"186","author":"Wu-Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114097","article-title":"Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries","volume":"83","author":"Merke","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D, deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.11.2754","article-title":"Megalin-mediated endocytosis of vitamin D binding protein correlates with 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol actions in human mammary cells","volume":"136","author":"Rowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V16","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s207","article-title":"Molecular actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on genes involved in calcium homeostasis","volume":"22","author":"Pike","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91634-6","article-title":"Latitude and ischaemic heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Fleck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.8.579","article-title":"Sunlight, cholesterol and coronary heart disease","volume":"89","author":"Grimes","year":"1996","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.6.575","article-title":"Seasonal variation in coronary heart disease in Scotland","volume":"49","author":"Douglas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.150","article-title":"Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences","volume":"30","author":"Rostand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendrick J, Targher G, Smits G, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [published online ahead of print November 11, 2008]. Atherosclerosis. doi: 10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.067","article-title":"Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004)","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.11.1159","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"167","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"20","author":"Scragg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165886","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvi-tamin D levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease: results from NHANES 2001 to 2004","volume":"28","author":"Melamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.136","article-title":"Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"87","author":"Judd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602825","article-title":"Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults","volume":"62","author":"Hintzpeter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01778.x","article-title":"Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels in relation to blood pressure: a population-based study in older men and women","volume":"261","author":"Snijder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1629","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population","volume":"168","author":"Melamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study","volume":"168","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0784","article-title":"Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography","volume":"93","author":"Pilz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.513655","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography","volume":"39","author":"Pilz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340","article-title":"Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"168","author":"Dobnig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002451","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients","volume":"72","author":"Wolf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014559600042","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are elevated in South Indian patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Rajasree","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288","article-title":"Plasma 25-hy-droxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117630","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women","volume":"52","author":"Forman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1122","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort","volume":"57","author":"Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0155","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women","volume":"86","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60827-6","article-title":"Ultraviolet B and blood pressure","volume":"352","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400230077013","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors during estrogen-norethindrone and cholecalciferol treatment","volume":"152","author":"Myrup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0170","first-page":"85","article-title":"No significant effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure and calcium metabolism in elderly Chinese","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chin J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0175","first-page":"640","article-title":"Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults","volume":"49","author":"Scragg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp006","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Lacroix","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7387.469","article-title":"Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial","volume":"326","author":"Trivedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.649","article-title":"The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective","volume":"85","author":"Vieth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e328011c6fc","article-title":"Vitamin D and vascular calcification","volume":"18","author":"Zittermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-008-0014-8","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system","volume":"6","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215219","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.02.008","article-title":"Analogs of 1alpha,25-dihy-droxyvitamin D(3) as novel inhibitors of renin biosynthesis","volume":"96","author":"Qiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29821","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705495200","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter","volume":"282","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6250216","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin","volume":"209","author":"Norman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1802-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Mathieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.093831","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin d is associated with markers of the insulin resistant phenotype in nondiabetic adults","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2813","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"27","author":"Scragg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002002","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D, insulin resistance, and kidney function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"71","author":"Chonchol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0292","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Mattila","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1994","article-title":"The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults","volume":"30","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.081","article-title":"Heart extracellular matrix gene expression profile in the vitamin D receptor knockout mice","volume":"103","author":"Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0805","article-title":"Functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the t-tubules of cardiac myocytes: VDR knockout cardiomyocyte contractility","volume":"149","author":"Tishkoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.098","article-title":"Characterization of heart size and blood pressure in the vitamin D receptor knockout mouse","volume":"103","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006060573","article-title":"Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency","volume":"18","author":"London","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0241","article-title":"Vitamin D reduces the expression of collagen and key profibrotic factors by inducing an antifibrotic phenotype in mesenchymal multipotent cells","volume":"200","author":"Artaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02360.x","article-title":"Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels","volume":"25","author":"Sugden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.754","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Schleithoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318167b0bd","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in African Americans residing in Memphis, Tennessee with and without heart failure","volume":"335","author":"Alsafwah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002962915319418?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002962915319418?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T06:33:58Z","timestamp":1558420438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002962915319418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002962915319418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/maj.0b013e3181aaee91","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9629","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}