{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:17:15Z","timestamp":1787505435845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mcc.0b013e328357effa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]],"date-time":"2012-08-30T06:12:51Z","timestamp":1346307171000},"page":"518-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayur B.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik P.","family":"Pandharipande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R2-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R4-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f85759","volume":"38","author":"Shehabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R5-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0687-y","volume":"33","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R6-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199907000-00022","volume":"27","author":"Riker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R7-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","volume":"166","author":"Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R8-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0618-y","volume":"33","author":"Ouimet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R9-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e420","volume":"344","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R10-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S683","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f245d3","volume":"38","author":"Vasilevskis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R11-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181eebee9","volume":"31","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"R12-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R13-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d","volume":"65","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R14-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","volume":"298","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R15-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R16-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783","volume":"111","author":"Shehabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R17-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.304","volume":"307","author":"Jakob","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R18-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.1.M76","volume":"58","author":"Morrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R19-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.45","volume":"161","author":"Kapfhammer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R20-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101017","volume":"27","author":"Dubois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R21-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00292-7","volume":"105","author":"Marcantonio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R22-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(59)90165-1","volume":"9","author":"Engel","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"R24-16-20120831","first-page":"28","volume":"7","author":"Morandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"R25-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0598-y","volume":"33","author":"Sharshar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R26-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.7.764","volume":"63","author":"Hshieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R27-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500488199","volume":"20","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"R28-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acc0","volume":"40","author":"Gunther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R29-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acdc","volume":"40","author":"Morandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R31-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.04.025","volume":"188","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R32-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R140","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9205","volume":"14","author":"Taccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R33-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.07.021","volume":"146","author":"Hofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"R34-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823779ca","volume":"40","author":"Esen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R35-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01126.x","volume":"57","author":"Yokota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R36-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.12.1294","volume":"61","author":"Fong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R37-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6891","volume":"12","author":"Pfister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R38-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2951","volume":"9","author":"Sharshar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R39-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.048","volume":"77","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"R40-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.05.010","volume":"74","author":"van Munster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"R41-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl121","volume":"36","author":"Macdonald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R42-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R78","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10070","volume":"15","author":"McGrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R43-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.11.013","volume":"62","author":"de Rooij","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R44-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R297","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10598","volume":"15","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R45-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp014","volume":"38","author":"Adamis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R46-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1436","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00489.2007","volume":"294","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"R47-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0674-1","volume":"119","author":"Cerejeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R48-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-3065","volume":"140","author":"Morandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R49-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.08.006","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R50-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61158-2","volume":"375","author":"van Gool","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R51-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.10.005","volume":"33","author":"McAfoose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R52-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.8.1099","volume":"161","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R53-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","volume":"376","author":"van Eijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R54-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819da780","volume":"37","author":"Gamberini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R55-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02098.x","volume":"265","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R56-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R57-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.06.011","volume":"23","author":"Pavlov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R58-16-20120831","first-page":"132","volume":"5","author":"Trzepacz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"R59-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01440-3","volume":"53","author":"Gorwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R60-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01355.x","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R61-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31034","volume":"153B","author":"van Munster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"R62-16-20120831","first-page":"1508","volume":"30","author":"Sommer","year":"2002","journal-title":"ed"},{"key":"R63-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.03.005","volume":"75","author":"Clauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"R64-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102609","volume":"366","author":"Giacino","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R65-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.10.E8","volume":"25","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"R66-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1573-6","volume":"35","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R67-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.3.1277","volume":"98","author":"Chiavegatto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R68-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.03.048","volume":"133","author":"Ishiwata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R69-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1369.049","volume":"1074","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R70-16-20120831","first-page":"851","volume":"338","author":"van der Mast","year":"1991","journal-title":"ancet"},{"key":"R71-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B249","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.5.B249","volume":"55","author":"Flacker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R72-16-20120831","first-page":"125","volume":"5","author":"van der Mast","year":"2000","journal-title":"europsychiatry"},{"key":"R73-16-20120831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236f62d","volume":"40","author":"Adams Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MCC.0b013e328357effa","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T22:40:00Z","timestamp":1620945600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00075198-201210000-00016"}},"subtitle":["what\u02bcs the cause of all this confusion?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mcc.0b013e328357effa","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-5295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-5295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}}}