{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:16:52Z","timestamp":1787170612565,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0b013e31827356e1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T12:56:20Z","timestamp":1357736180000},"page":"112-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Gastrointestinal Manifestations in APECED Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Kluger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martta","family":"Jokinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Krohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamari","family":"Ranki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2611","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy.","volume":"91","author":"Perheentupa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R3-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02090.x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and management of patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I.","volume":"265","author":"Husebye","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R4-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.40","article-title":"Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes.","volume":"6","author":"Michels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"R5-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222601","article-title":"Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients.","volume":"322","author":"Ahonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R6-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198109000-00003","article-title":"Two types of autoimmune Addisons disease associated with different polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndromes.","volume":"60","author":"Neufeld","year":"1981","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R7-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.29.11.824","article-title":"Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I among Iranian Jews.","volume":"29","author":"Zlotogora","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"R8-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.4.4682","article-title":"Clinical review 93: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1.","volume":"83","author":"Betterle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R9-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1873","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 in Norway: phenotypic variation, autoantibodies, and novel mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene.","volume":"92","author":"Wolff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R10-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1159\/000313585","article-title":"Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 in Russian patients: clinical variants and autoimmune regulator mutations.","volume":"73","author":"Orlova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"R11-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0328","article-title":"Detection of a complete autoimmune regulator gene deletion and two additional novel mutations in a cohort of patients with atypical phenotypic variants of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1.","volume":"159","author":"Podkrajsek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R12-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2009.01280.x","article-title":"Two novel AIRE mutations in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) among Indians.","volume":"76","author":"Zaidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"R13-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.12.021","article-title":"Clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic delay of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome.","volume":"139","author":"Mazza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R14-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000297714","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 in north-western France: AIRE gene mutation specificities and severe forms needing immunosuppressive therapies.","volume":"74","author":"Proust-Lemoine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"R16-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2461","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: an extensive longitudinal study in Sardinian patients.","volume":"97","author":"Meloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R17-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27103","article-title":"Hepatic autoantigens in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy.","volume":"121","author":"Obermayer-Straub","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R18-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2007.11.015","article-title":"Apeced syndrome or autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.","volume":"37","author":"Proust-Lemoine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"R19-8-20210305","first-page":"844","article-title":"Severe autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy in an adolescent girl with a novel AIRE mutation: response to immunosuppressive therapy.","volume":"84","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R20-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.4.397","article-title":"Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response.","volume":"11","author":"Ramsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"R21-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0910","article-title":"Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, from bench to bedside.","volume":"20","author":"Eyerich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081463","article-title":"Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis.","volume":"206","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R23-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091669","article-title":"Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in APECED or thymoma patients correlates with autoimmunity to Th17-associated cytokines.","volume":"207","author":"Kisand","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R24-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041253","article-title":"Mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmunity against cytokines in APECED and thymoma patients: clinical and pathogenetic implications.","volume":"41","author":"Kisand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R25-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5690","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5690-5699.2003","article-title":"Deregulated production of protective cytokines in response to Candida albicans infection in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.","volume":"71","author":"Lilic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R26-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-764.x","article-title":"Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. I. Altered antigen-stimulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and nterferon-gamma (IFN-) production.","volume":"105","author":"Lilic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R27-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701616023","article-title":"Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and oesophageal cancer.","volume":"46","author":"Rosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"R28-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2006.07.005","article-title":"Oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinomaa complication or component of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED, APS-I).","volume":"43","author":"Rautemaa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R29-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03561.x","article-title":"Autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and primary hypothyroidism complicated by oesophageal carcinoma.","volume":"34","author":"Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R30-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802275853","article-title":"Reduction of fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans in APECED patients due to long-term use of ketoconazole and miconazole.","volume":"40","author":"Rautemaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R31-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.07.007","article-title":"Candida albicans isolates from APECED patients show decreased susceptibility to miconazole.","volume":"34","author":"Siikala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R32-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2011.00739.x","article-title":"ADH1 expression inversely correlates with CDR1 and CDR2 in Candida albicans from chronic oral candidosis in APECED (APS-I) patients.","volume":"11","author":"Siikala","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"R33-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372007","article-title":"Pernicious anemia.","volume":"337","author":"Toh","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R34-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113344","article-title":"Major parietal cell antigen in autoimmune gastritis with pernicious anemia is the acid-producing H,K-adenosine triphosphatase of the stomach.","volume":"81","author":"Karlsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R35-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6418","article-title":"The 60- to 90-kDa parietal cell autoantigen associated with autoimmune gastritis is a beta subunit of the gastric HK()-ATPase (proton pump).","volume":"87","author":"Toh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R36-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11050-9","article-title":"Identification of tryptophan hydroxylase as an intestinal autoantigen.","volume":"352","author":"Ekwall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R37-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2506","article-title":"Pernicious anemia and widespread absence of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I and malabsorption.","volume":"91","author":"Oliva-Hemker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R38-8-20210305","first-page":"1075","article-title":"The relationship of parietal cell, gastrin cell, and thyroid autoantibodies to the state of the gastric mucosa in a population sample.","volume":"19","author":"Uibo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R39-8-20210305","first-page":"341","article-title":"Demonstration of gastrin cell autoantibodies in antral gastritis with avidin-biotin complex antibody technique.","volume":"58","author":"Uibo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R40-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00003-5","article-title":"Chronic diarrhea: a review on pathophysiology and management for the clinical gastroenterologist.","volume":"2","author":"Camilleri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R41-8-20210305","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Evaluation of chronic diarrhea.","volume":"84","author":"Juckett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"R42-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181cd9d4c","article-title":"The parathyroids and the gut.","volume":"44","author":"Ebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R43-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i36.4063","article-title":"Digestive manifestations of parathyroid disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Abboud","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R44-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315141","article-title":"Hypocalcemia and steatorrheaclues to etiology.","volume":"28","author":"Heubi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R45-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199802000-00013","article-title":"Late-onset idiopathic hypoparathyroidism as a cause of diarrhoea.","volume":"10","author":"Peracchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R46-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101253440405","article-title":"Malabsorption due to cholecystokinin deficiency in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I.","volume":"344","author":"Hogenauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R47-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198506000-00009","article-title":"Autoimmunity in diarrhoeal disease.","volume":"4","author":"Unsworth","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R48-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.1156","article-title":"Adult autoimmune enteropathy.","volume":"14","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R49-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520902783691","article-title":"Autoimmune enteropathy in children and adults.","volume":"44","author":"Montalto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R50-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/112.6.810","article-title":"Thymoma-associated autoimmune enteropathy. A report of two cases.","volume":"112","author":"Mais","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R51-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E292","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2044","article-title":"Loss of enteroendocrine cells in autoimmune-polyendocrine-candidiasis-ectodermal-dystrophy (APECED) syndrome with gastrointestinal dysfunction.","volume":"97","author":"Posovszky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R52-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021761","article-title":"Histidine decarboxylase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, is an autoantigen of gastric enterochromaffin-like cells.","volume":"88","author":"Skoldberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R53-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2008.12.016","article-title":"A paucity of colonic enteroendocrine andor enterochromaffin cells characterizes a subset of patients with chronic unexplained diarrheamalabsorption.","volume":"40","author":"Ohsie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R54-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.6.532","article-title":"Severe malabsorption in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome successfully treated with immunosuppression.","volume":"76","author":"Padeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R55-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.8.629","article-title":"Intestinal goblet cell autoantibody associated enteropathy.","volume":"56","author":"Hori","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R56-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.11.019","article-title":"Enteropathy with loss of enteroendocrine and Paneth cells in a patient with immune dysregulation: a case of adult autoimmune enteropathy.","volume":"37","author":"Al Khalidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R57-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac disease.","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R58-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9604-4","article-title":"An unusual case report of small bowel Candida overgrowth as a cause of diarrhea and review of the literature.","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R59-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199108000-00023","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine candidiasis syndrome with associated chronic diarrhea caused by intestinal infection and pancreas insufficiency.","volume":"13","author":"Scire","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"R60-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06600.x","article-title":"Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"26","author":"Dominguez-Munoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R62-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-51-2-371","article-title":"Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and idiopathic adrenal cortical insufficiency occurring with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.","volume":"51","author":"McMahon","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R63-8-20210305","first-page":"933","article-title":"Intestinal lymphangiectasia in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I and steatorrhea.","volume":"80","author":"Bereket","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R64-8-20210305","first-page":"293","article-title":"Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia as a component of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I: a report of 2 cases.","volume":"26","author":"Makharia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R65-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90215-J","article-title":"Frequent occurrence of asplenism and cholelithiasis in patients with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I.","volume":"91","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R66-8-20210305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890903121033","article-title":"Molecular genetics of human lactase deficiencies.","volume":"41","author":"Jarvela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00004836-201302000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T02:28:41Z","timestamp":1618021721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00004836-201302000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mcg.0b013e31827356e1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-0790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-0790","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}}}