{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:41:19Z","timestamp":1791175279561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mco.0b013e328326770f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T01:27:01Z","timestamp":1233970021000},"page":"147-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Phytosterols as functional food ingredients: linkages to cardiovascular disease and cancer"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Peter JH","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhad S","family":"AbuMweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1144","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R3-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001476","article-title":"Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations","volume":"82","author":"Sierksma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R4-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.1000","article-title":"Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans","volume":"75","author":"Ostlund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R5-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1272","article-title":"Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons","volume":"76","author":"Vanstone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R6-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940170017","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effect of spreads enriched with microcrystalline plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"40","author":"Christiansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"R7-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.826","article-title":"Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans","volume":"70","author":"Ostlund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R8-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38604-1","article-title":"Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles","volume":"28","author":"Armstrong","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R9-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602318","article-title":"Intake occasion affects the serum cholesterol lowering of a plant sterol-enriched single-dose yoghurt drink in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects","volume":"60","author":"Doornbos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R10-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3103","article-title":"Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma beta-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women","volume":"133","author":"Quilez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R11-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.756","article-title":"Reduced-calorie orange juice beverage with plant sterols lowers C-reactive protein concentrations and improves the lipid profile in human volunteers","volume":"84","author":"Devaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R12-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602347","article-title":"Effect of plant sterols and glucomannan on lipids in individuals with and without type II diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R13-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300089-JLR200","article-title":"Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R14-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.08.012","article-title":"Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels","volume":"106","author":"Polagruto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"R15-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600559","article-title":"Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects","volume":"52","author":"Weststrate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R16-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600728","article-title":"Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects","volume":"53","author":"Hendriks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R17-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.33","article-title":"Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet","volume":"74","author":"Maki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R18-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.05.008","article-title":"The effect of a combination of plant sterol-enriched foods in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"26","author":"Madsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R19-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507730775","article-title":"Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects","volume":"98","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R20-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1534","article-title":"Fish-oil esters of plant sterols improve the lipid profile of dyslipidemic subjects more than do fish-oil or sunflower oil esters of plant sterols","volume":"84","author":"Demonty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R21-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.10.2492","article-title":"A combination therapy including psyllium and plant sterols lowers LDL cholesterol by modifying lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic individuals","volume":"136","author":"Shrestha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R22-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1086","article-title":"The lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are synergistic and complementary in hyperlipidemic men and women","volume":"138","author":"Micallef","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R23-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.583","article-title":"Simultaneous intake of beta-glucan and plant stanol esters affects lipid metabolism in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"137","author":"Theuwissen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R24-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00976-0","article-title":"Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy","volume":"86","author":"Blair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R25-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602733","article-title":"Effects of plant sterol and stanol ester consumption on lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress, endothelial function and low-grade inflammation in patients on current statin treatment","volume":"62","author":"De Jong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R26-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2005.12.032","article-title":"The activity and absorption relationship of cholesterol and phytosterols","volume":"282","author":"Rozner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"R27-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.10.008","article-title":"Efficacy of plant sterol is not influenced by dietary cholesterol intake in hypercholesterolemic individuals","volume":"57","author":"Kassis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"R28-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.4.697","article-title":"Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man","volume":"35","author":"Mattson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R29-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00263-6","article-title":"Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects","volume":"57","author":"Ling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"R30-8-20210204","first-page":"821","article-title":"Dietary phytosterol inhibits the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells grown in SCID mice","volume":"20","author":"Awad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"R31-8-20210204","first-page":"2797","article-title":"beta-Sitosterol inhibits HT-29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids","volume":"16","author":"Awad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"R32-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589809514709","article-title":"beta-Sitosterol activates the sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells","volume":"32","author":"von Holtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"R33-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91085-9","article-title":"Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group","volume":"345","author":"Berges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R34-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2127","article-title":"Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action","volume":"130","author":"Awad","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R35-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7238.861","article-title":"Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health","volume":"320","author":"Law","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R36-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.1.79","article-title":"An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations","volume":"75","author":"Noakes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R37-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-6-28","article-title":"Fish-oil esters of plant sterols differ from vegetable-oil sterol esters in triglycerides lowering, carotenoid bioavailability and impact on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R38-8-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001440","article-title":"Functional foods: cholesterol-lowering benefits of plant sterols","volume":"82","author":"Thurnham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &amp; Metabolic Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328326770f","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:39:46Z","timestamp":1786037986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00075197-200903000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mco.0b013e328326770f","relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-1950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}