{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:28:36Z","timestamp":1790620116798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003718","name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["no"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As the self-administration of coffee enema is being used as a mean of self-care for detoxication in various indications, it is important that evidence-based public health information is provided for effective and safe use. However, the evidence is so far rare. This systematic review was conducted to investigate the safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema in a wide range of use, and to provide evidence about its benefits and risks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Relevant studies were retrieved from Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; and also from oriental databases, KoreaMed, Korean Medical Database, Korean Studies Information Service System, National Discovery for Science Leaders, and Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator. Considering self-administered coffee enema being used in a various indication, study population was not restricted. Any types of published studies that included outcomes of effectiveness and safety of self-administered coffee enema with or without comparators were eligible for this systematic review. Data on biomedical indications, patient-reported outcomes, and adverse events were collected. Descriptive analyses were planned because diverse health conditions and outcome variables did not allow for quantitative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Nine case reports that describe adverse events were identified and included in the analysis. Of these, 7 recent ones reported colitis after self-administration, mentioning that the most plausible cause assumed was the coffee fluid itself, which contained numerous chemical substances. Two others reported more critical adverse events. All 9 case reports with acceptable quality of evidence warned against the self-administration of the procedure. No study that reports the effectiveness of coffee enema was found.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Based on the evidences reviewed, this systematic review does not recommend coffee enema self-administration as a complementary and alternative medicine modality that can be adopted as a mean of self-care, given the unsolved issues on its safety and insufficient evidence with regard to the effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000021998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T14:18:29Z","timestamp":1598969909000},"page":"e21998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The safety and effectiveness of self-administered coffee enema"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Heejung","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9019-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Ju","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Jung-gu, Daejeon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Medical Service, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Mi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-12-53","article-title":"Self-care in people with long term health problems: a community-based survey","volume":"12","author":"MacKichan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"R3-20230915","first-page":"23","article-title":"The study of enema therapy as one of the detoxification therapy","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orient Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"R4-20230915","first-page":"37","article-title":"Overview for clinical use of coffee enema using literatures","volume":"22","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orient Med Res Inst"},{"key":"R7-20230915","first-page":"113","article-title":"A clinical study of starvation with coffee enema","volume":"6","author":"Cha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Orient Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"R10-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.016","article-title":"Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R11-20230915","article-title":"Chapter 7: systematic reviews of etiology and risk","author":"Moola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual"},{"key":"R12-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310140066036","article-title":"Deaths related to coffee enemas","volume":"244","author":"Eisele","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R13-20230915","first-page":"460","article-title":"Polymicrobial enteric septicemia from coffee enemas","volume":"140","author":"Margolin","year":"1984","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"R14-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1215312","article-title":"Rectal burn induced by hot coffee enema","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"R15-20230915","first-page":"427","article-title":"A case of coffee enema\u2013induced colitis","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"R16-20230915","first-page":"251","article-title":"Coffee enema induced acute colitis","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R17-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.505","article-title":"Proctocolitis caused by coffee enemas","volume":"105","author":"Keum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R18-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3393\/jksc.2009.25.3.193","article-title":"A case of coffee enema-induced colitis","volume":"25","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Coloproctol"},{"key":"R19-20230915","first-page":"E32","article-title":"Rectal perforation due to benign stricture caused by rectal burns associated with hot coffee enemas","volume":"44S","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"R20-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.04.017","article-title":"Rectal burn caused by hot-water coffee enema","volume":"68","author":"Sashiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"R21-20230915","first-page":"31","article-title":"The effect of coffee enema on constipation","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Korean Med Obes Res"},{"key":"R22-20230915","first-page":"65","article-title":"Physiological effects of coffee enema therapy on human body","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Naturopat"},{"key":"R23-20230915","first-page":"171","article-title":"Colon injury caused by coffee enema","volume":"31","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"R24-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111432499","article-title":"Antioxidant effects after coffee enema or oral coffee consumption in healthy Thai male volunteers","volume":"31","author":"Teekachunhatean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"R25-20230915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/147238","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of caffeine following a single administration of coffee enema versus oral coffee consumption in healthy male subjects","volume":"2013","author":"Teekachunhatean","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol Mar"}],"container-title":["Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000021998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T01:08:15Z","timestamp":1694826495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000021998"}},"subtitle":["A systematic review of case 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