{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:30:52Z","timestamp":1773894652150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thymic carcinoma represents a rare type of malignant mediastinal tumor and has been the subject of controversy. Although independent prognostic factors related to thymic carcinoma have been investigated previously, few studies have focused specifically on the survival outcomes associated with thymic squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). This study aims at presenting a survival analysis in this rare malignant disease at population level.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We extracted the data of 216 patients with TSCC recorded from 1973 to 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute. The patients\u2019 demographic features, clinical traits, and treatment factors were analyzed in order to identify prognostic factors, which correlate overall survival using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method as well as a multivariate Cox regression model, for TSCC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The majority of patients were male, Caucasian, married, and insured. Furthermore, 58.3%, 54.6%, and 59.7% of patients TSCC underwent surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy respectively. In a multivariate analysis, age of diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.022, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.003\u20131.040, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.020), surgical treatment (HR: 0.282, 95% CI: 0.164\u20130.484, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.000), and stage (regional vs distant HR: 0.532, 95% CI: 0.324\u20130.872, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.013; localized vs distant HR: 0.297, 95% CI: 0.133\u20130.664, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.003) correlated with increased overall survival, whereas adjuvant therapy, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, did not correlate with survival. Among surgically treated patients, age of diagnosis and stage were associated with better overall survival, while chemotherapy and radiotherapy did not contribute significantly to overall survival.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Surgery, age of diagnosis, and stage were associated with better overall survival among TSCC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000025331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T20:44:45Z","timestamp":1618346685000},"page":"e25331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The incidence and prognosis of thymic squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caibao","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4825-4","article-title":"Long-term survival after surgical treatment of thymic carcinoma: a retrospective analysis from the Chinese alliance for research of thymoma database","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"R2-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000654","article-title":"The 2015 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the thymus: continuity and changes","volume":"10","author":"Marx","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"R3-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.04.078","article-title":"Surgical treatment and prognosis of thymic squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 105 cases","volume":"96","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R5-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a39056","article-title":"Prognostic models with competing risks: methods and application to coronary risk prediction","volume":"20","author":"Wolbers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R6-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.09.124","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma outcomes and prognosis: results of an international analysis","volume":"149","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R7-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.09.006","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of factors predictive of survival in 290 patients","volume":"95","author":"Weksler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R8-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP88FZTWANLRCB","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma, part 1: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 65 cases","volume":"138","author":"Weissferdt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R9-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.11.015","article-title":"Outcome of surgically resected thymic carcinoma: a multicenter experience","volume":"83","author":"Filosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"R10-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-197706000-00002","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus. An analysis of eight cases","volume":"1","author":"Shimosato","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R11-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.11.057","article-title":"Masaoka stage and histologic grade predict prognosis in patients with thymic carcinoma","volume":"89","author":"Hosaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R12-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.03.020","article-title":"Improved survival with postoperative radiotherapy in thymic carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database","volume":"108","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"R13-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.06.025","article-title":"A single-center analysis of the treatment and prognosis of patients with thymic carcinoma","volume":"104","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R14-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx037","article-title":"Comparison of clinical features and survival between thymic carcinoma and thymic carcinoid patients","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"R15-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181e8f345","article-title":"The role of radiation therapy in malignant thymoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis","volume":"5","author":"Fernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"R16-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.12.042","article-title":"A meta-analysis of postoperative radiotherapy for thymic carcinoma","volume":"103","author":"Hamaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Thorac 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Oncol"},{"key":"R23-20250504","first-page":"2235","article-title":"Racial disparities in the molecular landscape of cancer","volume":"38","author":"Heath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"R24-20250504","first-page":"210","article-title":"Temporal trends of incidence and mortality in Asian-Americans with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an epidemiological study","volume":"33","author":"Gad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000025331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T05:46:27Z","timestamp":1746337587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000025331"}},"subtitle":["A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program population-based 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