{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:21:41Z","timestamp":1791876101390,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (A-PSQI), a 19-item sleep evaluation tool, in a population of medical students and interns in Saudi Arabia. Following a 16-person pilot study, 202 participants completed 2 A-PSQI questionnaires with a 2-week test-retest interval to avoid a carryover effect. Statistical analysis using RStudio included Cronbach alpha, Spearman rank correlation, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The ICC results showed moderate to strong correlations in most PSQI components. The \u201cSleep efficiency\u201d component had the lowest ICC (0.460), while \u201cSleep latency\u201d had the highest (0.730). Overall, the PSQI reliability score is 0.694. Gender (sex assigned at birth) and academic level had no significant impact on the PSQI scores. The sleep quality categories (poor quality, good quality, and acute sleep disturbance) remained stable over time. The A-PSQI demonstrates varying internal consistency across components, with some displaying lower reliability. Nevertheless, it exhibits moderate to strong reliability, and the study confirms the stability of sleep quality categories over time among medical students and interns. This serves as a final validation step to set the stage for large-scale research in the region. This pioneering study is the first test-retest reliability investigation of the A-PSQI, addressing a critical gap in sleep assessment tools tailored to clinical practices in Arabic-speaking communities. It follows the pathway set by previous studies and serves to validate the A-PSQI in this demographic, providing a vital foundation for more catered sleep medicine in the region, targeting better reach to overlooked monolinguals. These findings advance our understanding of sleep quality among medical trainees and contribute to the development of culturally relevant sleep assessment tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000041269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T22:02:10Z","timestamp":1737410530000},"page":"e41269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Test-retest reliability of the Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6463-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayan Ahmed","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2106-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf Saqer","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7801-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Saleh","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7465-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musab Buwayti","family":"Alsulami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7037-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Abdullah","family":"Alhashrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Bin Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_132_19","article-title":"The relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance among medical students.","volume":"27","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"R2-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_745_19","article-title":"The association of stress with sleep quality among medical students at King Abdulaziz University.","volume":"9","author":"Safhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R3-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3782","article-title":"Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive test performance among older adults from six middle-income countries: results from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE).","volume":"10","author":"Gildner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R4-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3298","article-title":"Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter?","volume":"37","author":"Buysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R5-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-023-00258-5","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of sleep problems among medical students by problem, country, and COVID-19 status: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 109 studies involving 59427 participants [published online ahead of print, 2023 Jun 3].","volume":"9","author":"Binjabr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"key":"R6-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4370","article-title":"Sleep disturbances among medical students: a global perspective.","volume":"11","author":"Azad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R7-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.2.14288","article-title":"Sleep quantity, quality, and insomnia symptoms of medical students during clinical years. Relationship with stress and academic performance.","volume":"37","author":"Alsaggaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R8-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134340","article-title":"Associations between stress, anxiety, depression and sleep quality among healthcare students.","volume":"12","author":"Alwhaibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R9-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.04.005","article-title":"The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students.","volume":"7","author":"Almojali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R10-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945909348230","article-title":"Translating the pittsburgh sleep quality index into Arabic.","volume":"32","author":"Suleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"R11-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-020-00258-w","article-title":"Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) with Arabic cancer patients.","volume":"18","author":"Al Maqbali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"R12-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-022-00211-6","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in hemodialysis patients.","volume":"6","author":"Albatineh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Vigilance"},{"key":"R13-20250121","first-page":"853","article-title":"Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Hebrew translation (PSQI-H) in a sleep clinic sample.","volume":"9","author":"Shochat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"R14-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00330-6","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia.","volume":"53","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R16-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R17-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6050","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the PSQI in U.S. college students.","volume":"12","author":"Deitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R18-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014579","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3014579","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of a measure of independence in everyday activities: the ADL profile.","volume":"2017","author":"Dutil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"key":"R19-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research.","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"R20-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.52589\/BJCE-FY266HK9","article-title":"Sample size determination in test-retest and Cronbach alpha reliability estimates.","volume":"2","author":"Imasuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Contemp Educ"},{"key":"R21-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031082","article-title":"Measuring subjective sleep quality: a review.","volume":"18","author":"Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R22-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145219","article-title":"Psychometric and structural validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among Filipino domestic workers.","volume":"17","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R23-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573530","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.573530","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and factor structure of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in community-based centenarians.","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R24-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9658","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among frontline COVID-19 health care workers using classical test theory and item response theory.","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R25-20250121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4936","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in a cohort of Peruvian pregnant women.","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000041269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T22:02:21Z","timestamp":1737410541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000041269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000041269","relation":{},"ISSN":["1536-5964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1536-5964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}