{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:08:00Z","timestamp":1791198480095,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/med.0b013e32832d88fb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]],"date-time":"2011-01-14T06:45:13Z","timestamp":1294987513000},"page":"321-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The biology of gonadotroph regulation"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nick A","family":"Ciccone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula B","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0005","article-title":"Motivations and methods for analyzing pulsatile hormone secretion","volume":"29","author":"Veldhuis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R2-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1126\/science.100883","article-title":"Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"202","author":"Belchetz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R3-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30967","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606486200","article-title":"Mixed analog\/digital gonadotrope biosynthetic response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"281","author":"Ruf","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R4-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01600","article-title":"Regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription","volume":"33","author":"Burger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R5-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.049049","article-title":"Mechanisms for pulsatile regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes by GNRH1","volume":"74","author":"Ferris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"R6-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.10.008","article-title":"Histone deacetylases and repression of the gonadotropin genes","volume":"19","author":"Melamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R7-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00611-6","article-title":"Hypothalamic dysfunction","volume":"183","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"R8-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-177","article-title":"Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins","volume":"11","author":"Gharib","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R9-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-1-509","article-title":"A pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus is required to increase transcription of the gonadotropin subunit genes: evidence for differential regulation of transcription by pulse frequency in vivo","volume":"128","author":"Haisenleder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R10-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4968","article-title":"Differential effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Kaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R11-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.26.12280","article-title":"A mechanism for the differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"92","author":"Kaiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R12-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-2-328","article-title":"Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion during the human menstrual cycle: evidence for altered frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion","volume":"59","author":"Reame","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R13-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041536","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"352","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R14-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0755","article-title":"Cardiometabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R15-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","article-title":"The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R16-9-20211004","first-page":"774","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Dunaif","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"R17-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984741","article-title":"Neuroendocrine effects of androgens in adult polycystic ovary syndrome and female puberty","volume":"25","author":"Blank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"R18-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.091","article-title":"The serine phosphorylation hypothesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: a unifying mechanism for hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance","volume":"89","author":"Bremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"R19-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350785","article-title":"Insights into hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"R20-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-851","article-title":"Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence that reduced frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion is the mechanism of persistent anovulation","volume":"61","author":"Reame","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R21-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000125001","article-title":"Changes in the number of GnRH-receptive cells during the rat estrous cycle: biphasic effects of estradiol","volume":"48","author":"Lloyd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"R22-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3319","article-title":"Immortalization of pituitary cells at discrete stages of development by directed oncogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"122","author":"Alarid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"R23-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770922","article-title":"The L beta T2 clonal gonadotrope: a model for single cell studies of endocrine cell secretion","volume":"137","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R24-9-20211004","first-page":"439","article-title":"Steroid and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation of luteinizing hormone and GnRH receptor in a novel gonadotrope cell line","volume":"10","author":"Turgeon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R25-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-4-597","article-title":"Cell lines of the pituitary gonadotrope lineage derived by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"4","author":"Windle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R26-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1502","article-title":"Functional characterization of genetically labeled gonadotropes","volume":"149","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R27-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0257","article-title":"Rapid, efficient isolation of murine gonadotropes and their use in revealing control of follicle-stimulating hormone by paracrine pituitary factors","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R28-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203639200","article-title":"Involvement of both G(q\/11) and G(s) proteins in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-mediated signaling in L beta T2 cells","volume":"277","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R29-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14182","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.19.14182","article-title":"Divergent signaling pathways requiring discrete calcium signals mediate concurrent activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"275","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R30-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0168","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription: evidence for the involvement of calcium\/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (Ca\/CAMK II) activation in rat pituitaries","volume":"144","author":"Haisenleder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R31-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0013","article-title":"The calcium component of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone subunit gene transcription is mediated by calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II","volume":"144","author":"Haisenleder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R32-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00248-07","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms involving diverse histone deacetylases repress expression of the two gonadotropin beta-subunit genes in immature gonadotropes, and their actions are overcome by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"R33-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1317","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in perifused LbetaT2 cells","volume":"146","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R34-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01881","article-title":"Role of MAP kinase phosphatases in GnRH-dependent activation of MAP kinases","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R35-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0333","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and protein kinase C signaling to ERK: spatiotemporal regulation of ERK by docking domains and dual-specificity phosphatases","volume":"23","author":"Armstrong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R36-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26612","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801500200","article-title":"Spatiotemporal regulation of ERK2 by dual specificity phosphatases","volume":"283","author":"Caunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R37-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30146","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30146","article-title":"Lack of a C-terminal tail in the mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor confers resistance to agonist-dependent phosphorylation and rapid desensitization","volume":"274","author":"Willars","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R38-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.03.035","article-title":"Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by GnRH is cell-context dependent","volume":"252","author":"Dobkin-Bekman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"R39-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0061","article-title":"Analysis of the calcium-dependent regulation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R40-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0094","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone induction of extracellular-signal regulated kinase is blocked by inhibition of calmodulin","volume":"19","author":"Roberson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R41-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0455","article-title":"A composite element that binds basic helix loop helix and basic leucine zipper transcription factors is important for gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta gene","volume":"22","author":"Ciccone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R42-9-20211004","first-page":"419","article-title":"GnRH activates ERK1\/2 leading to the induction of c-fos and LHbeta protein expression in LbetaT2 cells","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R43-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0056","article-title":"Transcript profiling of immediate early genes reveals a unique role for activating transcription factor 3 in mediating activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R44-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1450387","article-title":"Gonadotrophin secretion revisited. How many ways can FSH leave a gonadotroph?","volume":"145","author":"Farnworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R45-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304697200","article-title":"A novel AP-1 site is critical for maximal induction of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"279","author":"Coss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R46-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0220","article-title":"Activator protein-1 and smad proteins synergistically regulate human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-promoter activity","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R47-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0842","article-title":"Repression of the inhibin alpha-subunit gene by the transcription factor CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein-beta","volume":"146","author":"Burkart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R48-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14140","article-title":"Transcriptional control of circadian hormone synthesis via the CREM feedback loop","volume":"93","author":"Foulkes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R49-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/381083a0","article-title":"Adaptive inducibility of CREM as transcriptional memory of circadian rhythms","volume":"381","author":"Foulkes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R50-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00574-1","article-title":"Structural organization of the rat mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 gene","volume":"273","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"R51-9-20211004","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Sp1, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), and early growth response protein 1 (egr-1) binding sites form a tripartite gonadotropin-releasing hormone response element in the rat luteinizing hormone-beta gene promoter: an integral role for SF-1","volume":"14","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R52-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0392","article-title":"Pulse sensitivity of the luteinizing hormone beta promoter is determined by a negative feedback loop involving early growth response-1 and Ngfi-A binding protein 1 and 2","volume":"21","author":"Lawson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"R53-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210599","article-title":"HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel strategies for therapy and prevention","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"R54-9-20211004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7832","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312574200","article-title":"p300 regulates the synergy of steroidogenic factor-1 and early growth response-1 in activating luteinizing hormone-beta subunit gene","volume":"279","author":"Mouillet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01266029-200908000-00009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T23:18:40Z","timestamp":1633475920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01266029-200908000-00009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/med.0b013e32832d88fb","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-296X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-296X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}