{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T17:14:07Z","timestamp":1775236447868,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mjt.0000000000000063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T09:41:23Z","timestamp":1418031683000},"page":"234-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["New and Emerging LDL Cholesterol\u2013Lowering Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Constantine E.","family":"Kosmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Frishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.046","article-title":". Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mgdl: lower is better and physiologically normal.","volume":"43","author":"OKeefe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R2-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050461","article-title":". Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease.","volume":"352","author":"LaRosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.066","article-title":"What the statin trials have taught us.","volume":"98","author":"Waters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R4-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E","article-title":". Implications of recent clinical trials for the National cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment Panel III guidelines.","volume":"110","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R7-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2012.03.003","article-title":". Understanding Statin Use in America and Gaps in Patient Education (USAGE): an internet-based survey of 10,138 current and former statin users.","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"R8-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61965-6","article-title":". Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials.","volume":"375","author":"Sattar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R9-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.860","article-title":". Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis.","volume":"305","author":"Preiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R11-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35U","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00952-7","article-title":"Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose-escalation study.","volume":"82","author":"Goldberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R12-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90871-0","article-title":". Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia.","volume":"83","author":"Knopp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R13-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10508.x","article-title":". Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ezetimibe in primary hypercholesterolaemia: a pooled analysis from two controlled phase III clinical studies.","volume":"57","author":"Knopp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R14-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4065\/76.10.971","article-title":". Effectiveness of colesevelam hydrochloride in decreasing LDL cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a 24-week randomized controlled trial.","volume":"76","author":"Insull","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R15-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e31823424be","article-title":"Mipomersen: a safe and effective antisense therapy adjunct to statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"20","author":"Ricotta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"R16-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60284-X","article-title":". Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"375","author":"Raal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R17-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.081","article-title":". Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, reduces atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia at high cardiovascular risk: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R18-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.01.003","article-title":". Effect of mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"105","author":"Akdim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R19-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs023","article-title":". Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-risk statin-intolerant patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"33","author":"Visser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R20-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr148","article-title":". Efficacy of apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibition in subjects with mild-to-moderate hyperlipidaemia.","volume":"32","author":"Akdim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R21-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P021717","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of apoB synthesis with mipomersen reduces plasma apoC-III and apoC-III-containing lipoproteins.","volume":"53","author":"Furtado","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R22-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2760(96)00168-3","article-title":"Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.","volume":"1345","author":"Wetterau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"R23-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R017855","article-title":". Mechanisms and genetic determinants regulating sterol absorption, circulating LDL levels, and sterol elimination: implications for classification and disease risk.","volume":"52","author":"Calandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R24-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e3283605fa2","article-title":". New therapies to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.","volume":"28","author":"Wierzbicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"R25-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-013-0272-3","article-title":"Recent developments in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia: a review of several new drug classes.","volume":"15","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"R26-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61731-0","article-title":". Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study.","volume":"381","author":"Cuchel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R27-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700071-JLR200","article-title":". Secreted PCSK9 downregulates low density lipoprotein receptor through receptor-mediated endocytosis.","volume":"48","author":"Qian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R28-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000014","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic therapies targeting PCSK9.","volume":"22","author":"Weinreich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"R29-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1161","article-title":". Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"34","author":"Abifadel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R30-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0009-9163.2004.0238.x","article-title":"Mutations in the PCSK9 gene in Norwegian subjects with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"65","author":"Leren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"R31-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054013","article-title":". Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease.","volume":"354","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R32-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000134621.14315.43","article-title":". Statins upregulate PCSK9, the gene encoding the proprotein convertase neural apoptosis-regulated convertase-1 implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"24","author":"Dubuc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R33-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht088","article-title":"New therapeutic principles in dyslipidaemia: focus on LDL and Lp(a) lowering drugs.","volume":"34","author":"Norata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R34-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105803","article-title":". Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on LDL cholesterol.","volume":"366","author":"Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R35-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60771-5","article-title":". Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727SAR236553, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial.","volume":"380","author":"Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R36-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.007","article-title":". Safety and efficacy of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisinkexin type 9 serine protease, SAR236553REGN727, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia receiving ongoing stable atorvastatin therapy.","volume":"59","author":"McKenney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R37-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1201832","article-title":". Atorvastatin with or without an antibody to PCSK9 in primary hypercholesterolemia.","volume":"367","author":"Roth","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R39-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007012","article-title":". Efficacy and safety of Longer-Term administration of evolocumab (AMG 145) in patients with hypercholesterolemia: 52-Week results from the open-label study of Long-Term Evaluation against LDL-C (OSLER) randomized trial.","volume":"129","author":"Koren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R40-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M030528","article-title":". AMP-activated protein kinase and ATP-citrate lyase are two distinct molecular targets for ETC-1002, a novel small molecule regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.","volume":"54","author":"Pinkosky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R41-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.050","article-title":". Efficacy and safety of a novel dual modulator of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial.","volume":"62","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R42-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706628","article-title":". Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events.","volume":"357","author":"Barter","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R43-11-20210202","first-page":"644","article-title":"Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition for coronary heart disease prevention: real hope or despair Am J Med.","volume":"121","author":"Frishman","year":"2008","journal-title":""},{"key":"R44-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000231","article-title":". High-density lipoprotein Functionality in coronary artery disease.","volume":"347","author":"Kosmas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R45-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206797","article-title":". Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome.","volume":"367","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R46-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009744","article-title":". Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease.","volume":"363","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R47-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1649","article-title":". Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"306","author":"Nicholls","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R48-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3181e8067a","article-title":"Liver X receptors: a potential therapeutic target for modulating the atherosclerotic process.","volume":"18","author":"Parikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"R49-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.850400","article-title":". Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis.","volume":"14","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"R50-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81432-4","article-title":". Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha.","volume":"93","author":"Peet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R51-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31909","article-title":". Ligand activation of LXR beta reverses atherosclerosis and cellular cholesterol overload in mice lacking LXR alpha and apoE.","volume":"117","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R52-11-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900037-JLR200","article-title":". LXR ligand lowers LDL cholesterol in primates, is lipid neutral in hamster, and reduces atherosclerosis in mouse.","volume":"50","author":"Quinet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T14:04:47Z","timestamp":1690725887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00045391-201505000-00011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mjt.0000000000000063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1075-2765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1075-2765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}}}