{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1790401928648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mjt.0b013e31817fe2be","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T15:29:24Z","timestamp":1242919764000},"page":"183-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Clinical Overview of Algal-Docosahexaenoic Acid: Effects on Triglyceride Levels and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alan S","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A","family":"Keske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.2.324","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic man.","volume":"86","author":"Kelley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R2-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.4.1305","article-title":"Association between blood pressure and serum lipids in a population.","volume":"83","author":"Bonna","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R3-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2007.03.010","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lowers triglyceride levels and improves low density lipoprotein particle size in a statin-treated cardiac risk population.","volume":"1","author":"Keller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"R4-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.1.23","article-title":"Fish consumption and risk of sudden death.","volume":"279","author":"Albert","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R5-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07072-5","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial.","volume":"354","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R6-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0087-5","article-title":"3 fatty acids and inflammation.","volume":"6","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"R8-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89130-8","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patency.","volume":"77","author":"Eritsland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R9-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.11.1264","article-title":"Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men.","volume":"102","author":"Mori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R10-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP42672","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY Study.","volume":"42","author":"Engler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R11-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361502","article-title":"Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction.","volume":"336","author":"Daviglus","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"R12-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0472","article-title":"Fish consumption and mortality from all causes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke: an ecological study.","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"R13-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.14.1815","article-title":"Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women.","volume":"287","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R15-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91658-8","article-title":"Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos.","volume":"1","author":"Bang","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R16-13-20210202","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and ischemic heart disease in Greenland Eskimos.","volume":"3","author":"Bang","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv Nutr Res"},{"key":"R17-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92558-1","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid and platelet function in Japanese.","volume":"2","author":"Hirai","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R18-13-20210202","first-page":"65","article-title":"The preventive effects of polyunsaturated fats on thrombosis.","volume":"46","author":"Yotakis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R20-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000214566.67439.58","article-title":"The independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors in humans.","volume":"9","author":"Mori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"R21-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3032","article-title":"Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects.","volume":"126","author":"Conquer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R22-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051720","article-title":"Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid reduces plasma triacylglycerol in normolipideamic vegetarians: a randomized trial.","volume":"95","author":"Geppert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R23-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602328","article-title":"Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women.","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R24-13-20210202","first-page":"765","article-title":"Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels.","volume":"50","author":"Agren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R25-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-997-0146-5","article-title":"The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans.","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"R26-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(97)00172-1","article-title":"Dietary docosahexaenoic acid reduced the thromboxane\/prostacyclin synthesis ratio in humans.","volume":"9","author":"Ferretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"R27-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-997-0145-6","article-title":"The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation.","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"R28-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33890-6","article-title":"Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the levels of circulating DHA as non-esterified fatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background.","volume":"39","author":"Conquer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R29-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.765","article-title":"Differential eicosapentaenoic acid elevations and altered cardiovascular disease risk factor responses after supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"79","author":"Stark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R30-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.558","article-title":"LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women.","volume":"79","author":"Theobald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R31-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.973","article-title":"Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women.","volume":"137","author":"Theobald","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R32-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051658","article-title":"Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women.","volume":"95","author":"Sanders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R33-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1997.10718680","article-title":"Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"16","author":"Davidson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"R34-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.12.014","article-title":"Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY Study).","volume":"95","author":"Engler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R35-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.1.30","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases remnant-like particle-cholesterol and increases the (n-3) index in hypertriglyceridemic men.","volume":"138","author":"Kelley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R36-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719562","article-title":"The triglyceride-lowering effects of a modest dose of docosahexaenoic acid alone versus in combination with low dose eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with coronary artery disease and elevated triglycerides.","volume":"25","author":"Schwellenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"R37-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719465","article-title":"Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol.","volume":"24","author":"Maki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"R38-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39881-3","article-title":"Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages.","volume":"36","author":"Suzukawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R39-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.235","article-title":"Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation.","volume":"68","author":"Sorensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R40-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540110029028","article-title":"Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary heart disease in men and women.","volume":"276","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R41-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(92)90255-F","article-title":"Variations in oxidative susceptibility among six low density lipoprotein subfractions of differing density and particle size.","volume":"93","author":"Tribble","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"R42-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05802-9","article-title":"Transfer of low density lipoprotein into the arterial wall and risk of atherosclerosis.","volume":"123","author":"Nielsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"R43-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.04.004","article-title":"Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on the oxidizability and thrombogenicity of low-density lipoprotein.","volume":"175","author":"Mesa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"R44-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.9.1269","article-title":"Biological safety assessment of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in a randomized clinical trial for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.","volume":"121","author":"Wheaton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R45-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.34.2.253","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans.","volume":"34","author":"Mori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R46-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4829","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.","volume":"103","author":"Feron","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R47-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(97)90421-X","article-title":"Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.","volume":"57","author":"Agren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"R48-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.12.013","article-title":"The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis: the comparison of atherogenic effects on oxidized LDL and remnant lipoproteins in plasma.","volume":"367","author":"Nakajima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"R50-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E","article-title":"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.","volume":"110","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R51-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.14.11.1730","article-title":"Plasma Lp(a) levels correlate with number, severity, and length-extension of coronary lesions in male patients undergoing coronary arteriography for clinically-suspected coronary atherosclerosis.","volume":"14","author":"Budde","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"R52-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.7.1039","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study.","volume":"45","author":"Seman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R53-13-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199712000-00003","article-title":"Therapy for lowering lipoprotein(a) levels.","volume":"8","author":"Angelin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"R54-13-20210202","first-page":"30751","article-title":"Substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe: menhaden oil.","volume":"62","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fed Regist"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00045391-200903000-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T06:40:08Z","timestamp":1618036808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00045391-200903000-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mjt.0b013e31817fe2be","relation":{},"ISSN":["1075-2765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1075-2765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}