{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:15:38Z","timestamp":1786119338753,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/mjt.0b013e3181afbf62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,24]],"date-time":"2010-03-24T04:15:25Z","timestamp":1269404125000},"page":"e66-e73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clopidogrel Pharmacogenetics and Its Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1957.72980250010016","article-title":"Drug reactions, enzymes, and biochemical reactions.","volume":"165","author":"Motulsky","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"R2-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.234S","article-title":"Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects.","volume":"126","author":"Patrono","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R4-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072771.11429.83","article-title":"Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity.","volume":"107","author":"Gurbel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R5-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.109","article-title":"Onset and extent of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel loading in patients undergoing elective coronary stenting: the Plavix Reduction Of New Thrombus Occurrence (PRONTO) trial.","volume":"145","author":"Gurbel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R6-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00020.x","article-title":"The assembly of the factor X-activating complex on activated human platelets.","volume":"1","author":"Ahmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R7-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00510-X","article-title":"Increased platelet reactivity and circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates in patients with stable coronary artery disease.","volume":"31","author":"Furman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R8-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.2.181","article-title":"Platelet reactivity characterized prospectively: a determinant of outcome 90 days after percutaneous coronary intervention.","volume":"104","author":"Kabbani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R9-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005313222201","article-title":"Platelet hyperreactivity and prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction.","volume":"322","author":"Trip","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R10-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18N","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.09.010","article-title":"Clopidogrel response variability, resistance, or both?","volume":"98","author":"Wivotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R11-21-20210202","first-page":"10","article-title":"Genetics of platelet receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms: clinical implications in thrombosis.","volume":"32","author":"Beer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R12-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000106904.80795.35","article-title":"P2Y12 H2 haplotype is associated with peripheral arterial disease: a case-control study.","volume":"108","author":"Fontana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R13-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000164429.21040.0a","article-title":"P2Y12 gene H2 haplotype is not associated with increased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation after initiation of clopidogrel therapy with a high loading dose.","volume":"16","author":"Von Beckerath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"R14-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.034","article-title":"Nguyen, TA, Diodati, JG, Pharand, C. Resistance to clopidogrel: a review of the evidence.","volume":"45","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R15-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03050.x","article-title":"Umemura, K, Furuta, T, Kondo, K. The common gene variants of CYP2C19 affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an active metabolite of clopidogrel in healthy subjects.","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R16-21-20210202","first-page":"337","article-title":"Integrin polymorphisms as risk factors for thrombosis.","volume":"70","author":"Bray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R17-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.11.1288","article-title":"Structure and stereochemistry of the active metabolite of clopidogrel.","volume":"30","author":"Pereillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"R18-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-013052","article-title":"Hulot, JS, Bura, A, Villard, E, et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects.","volume":"108","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R19-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.09.004","article-title":"Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects.","volume":"116","author":"Ingelman-Sundberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R20-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100139","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by ketoconazole affects prasugrel and clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differently.","volume":"81","author":"Farid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R21-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02775.x","article-title":"Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel.","volume":"5","author":"Brandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R22-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.20","article-title":"The effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel: a possible mechanism for clopidogrel resistance.","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R23-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000112378.09325.F9","article-title":"Contribution of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolic activity to the phenomenon of clopidogrel resistance.","volume":"109","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R24-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.11.065","article-title":"Effect of cytochrome p450 polymorphisms on platelet reactivity after treatment with clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome.","volume":"101","author":"Frere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R25-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060664","article-title":"Increased risk of atherothrombotic events associated with cytochrome P450 3A5 polymorphism in patients taking clopidogrel.","volume":"174","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"R26-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.03.001","article-title":"Lack of association between the P2Y12 receptor gene polymorphism and platelet response to clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease.","volume":"116","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R27-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3027","article-title":"Inactivation of the human P2Y12 receptor by thiol reagents requires interaction with both extracellular cysteine residues, Cys17 and Cys270.","volume":"101","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R28-21-20210202","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic factors underlying differential blood platelet sensitivity to inhibitors.","volume":"57","author":"Rozalski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"R31-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1517\/14622416.2.4.341","article-title":"Common variations in platelet glycoproteins: pharmacogenomic implications.","volume":"2","author":"Quinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"R32-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.034","article-title":"Effect of platelet antigen polymorphism on platelet inhibition by aspirin, clopidogrel, or their combination.","volume":"47","author":"Cooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R33-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2006.02.006","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of the platelet receptors P2Y(12), P2Y and GP IIIa and response to aspirin and clopidogrel.","volume":"119","author":"Lev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R34-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.06.039","article-title":"Variability in platelet aggregation following sustained aspirin and clopidogrel treatment in patients with coronary heart disease and influence of the 807 C\/T polymorphism of the glycoprotein Ia gene.","volume":"96","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R35-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000114439.81125.86","article-title":"807 C\/T Polymorphism of the glycoprotein Ia gene and pharmacogenetic modulation of platelet response to dual antiplatelet treatment.","volume":"15","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"R36-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00207230500120294","article-title":"PAR-1 genotype influences platelet aggregation and procoagulant responses in patients with coronary artery disease prior to and during clopidogrel therapy.","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"R37-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G3","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/sul047","article-title":"Pharmacology of thienopyridines: rationale for dual pathway inhibition.","volume":"8","author":"Ibanez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"R38-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2165\/00129785-200505020-00002","article-title":"Platelet glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa polymorphism and coronary artery disease: implications for clinical practice.","volume":"5","author":"Di Castelnuovo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pharmacogenom"},{"key":"R39-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614570","article-title":"The P2Y1 receptor is normal in a patient presenting a severe deficiency of ADP-induced platelet aggregation.","volume":"81","author":"Leon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R40-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000148708.44691.27","article-title":"Dimorphism in the P2Y1 ADP receptor gene is associated with increased platelet activation response to ADP.","volume":"25","author":"Hetherington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R41-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01869.x","article-title":"P2Y1 gene A1622G dimorphism is not associated with adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation and aggregation after administration of a single high dose of clopidogrel.","volume":"4","author":"Sibbing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R42-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi684","article-title":"Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: an emerging clinical entity.","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R43-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000169922.79281.a5","article-title":"Association of a functional polymorphism in the clopidogrel target receptor gene, P2Y12, and the risk for ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease.","volume":"36","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R44-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/09537100500475844","article-title":"Common sequence variations in the P2Y12 and CYP3A5 genes do not explain the variability in the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel therapy.","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"R45-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2007.01.012","article-title":"Role of the T744C polymorphism of the P2Y12 gene on platelet response to a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in 597 patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.","volume":"120","author":"Cuisset","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R46-21-20210202","first-page":"240","article-title":"Platelets: new understanding of platelet glycoproteins and their role in disease.","volume":"22","author":"Bussel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"R47-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.7.2382","article-title":"Nucleotide polymorphisms in the alpha2 gene define multiple alleles that are associated with differences in platelet alpha2 beta1 density.","volume":"92","author":"Kritzik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R48-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000114439.81125.86","article-title":"807 C\/T polymorphism of the glycoprotein Ia gene and pharmacogenetic modulation of platelet response to dual antiplatelet treatment.","volume":"15","author":"Angiolillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"R49-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657677","article-title":"Variable platelet response to low-dose ASA and the risk of limb deterioration in patients submitted to peripheral arterial angioplasty.","volume":"78","author":"Mueller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R50-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(93)90164-J","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of aspirin responder and aspirin non responder. A pilot-study including 180 post-stroke patients.","volume":"71","author":"Grotemeyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R51-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)03014-0","article-title":"A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease.","volume":"41","author":"Gum","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R52-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.034","article-title":"Aspirin resistance is associated with a high incidence of myonecrosis after non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention despite clopidogrel pretreatment.","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R53-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0954-y","article-title":"Aspirin non-responder status in patients with recurrent cerebral ischaemic attacks.","volume":"250","author":"Grundmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R54-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000013777.21160.07","article-title":"Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events.","volume":"105","author":"Eikelboom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R55-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000130846.46168.03","article-title":"Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"109","author":"Matetzky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R56-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2572","article-title":"Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study.","volume":"103","author":"Steinhubl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R57-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.07.056","article-title":"Clopidogrel effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stent thrombosis. Results of the CREST study.","volume":"46","author":"Gurbel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R58-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01751.x","article-title":"High post-treatment platelet reactivity identified low-responders to dual antiplatelet therapy at increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after stenting for acute coronary syndrome.","volume":"4","author":"Cuisset","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R59-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0810630","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics: tailoring treatment for outliers.","volume":"360","author":"Woodcock","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R60-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809171","article-title":"Cytochrome P-450 Polymorphisms and Response to Clopidogrel.","volume":"360","author":"Mega","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R61-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241120-00002","article-title":"Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism.","volume":"41","author":"Desta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"R62-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.06.065","article-title":"Impact of the degree of peri-interventional platelet inhibition after loading with clopidogrel on early clinical outcome of elective coronary stent placement.","volume":"48","author":"Hochholzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R63-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.056","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C19 681GA polymorphism and high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity associated with adverse 1-year clinical outcome of elective percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting or bare-metal stents.","volume":"51","author":"Trenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R64-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61845-0","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study.","volume":"373","author":"Collet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R65-21-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808227","article-title":"Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events.","volume":"360","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3181afbf62","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:18:45Z","timestamp":1786040325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00045391-201005000-00021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mjt.0b013e3181afbf62","relation":{},"ISSN":["1075-2765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1075-2765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}