{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:59:11Z","timestamp":1761663551584},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The purpose of this review is to examine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pediatric gastrointestinal disease, specifically celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); to discuss the role of vitamin D and its deficiency in gastrointestinal disease pathophysiology; and to present current literature regarding diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in these pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in children with gastrointestinal symptoms and disease processes. In celiac disease, vitamin D status should be routinely assessed at the time of diagnosis and during subsequent follow up if deficient. There is growing evidence to suggest an inverse association between vitamin D and IBD activity; however, the therapeutic role of vitamin D in IBD patients requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Suboptimal vitamin D status commonly occurs in children with gastrointestinal disease. It is advisable to check serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with newly diagnosed celiac disease and IBD. In celiac disease, vitamin D status should be assessed during subsequent follow up if deficient. In IBD, 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels should be checked at least yearly. Therapy should be provided to maintain a level of greater than 30\u200ang\/ml but less than 100\u200ang\/ml; however, the ideal vitamin D dosing regimen to treat vitamin D deficiency and to maintain this optimum level remains unknown. The role of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent in IBD is still under investigation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mop.0000000000000451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]],"date-time":"2016-12-07T14:36:51Z","timestamp":1481121411000},"page":"122-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vitamin D in pediatric gastrointestinal disease"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rajni","family":"Ahlawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toba","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of NY, Northwell Health, Lake Success"},{"name":"Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Pettei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of NY, Northwell Health, Lake Success"},{"name":"Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821988a3","article-title":"Skeletal health of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Pappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R2-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12553","article-title":"Review article: vitamin D and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"39","author":"Mouli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R3-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103975","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients","volume":"5","author":"Wierdsma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R4-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200501000-00001","article-title":"Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R5-20230918","first-page":"69","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"R6-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0841","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"118","author":"Pappa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R7-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.09.032","article-title":"Growth trajectories and bone mineral density in anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody-positive children: the Generation R Study","volume":"13","author":"Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R8-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31819ca18e","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic bone disease in children with celiac disease is independent of symptoms at diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R9-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R10-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060319","article-title":"Crucial role of vitamin D in the musculoskeletal system","volume":"8","author":"Wintermeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R11-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R12-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2524-6","article-title":"Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence: an expert position statement","volume":"174","author":"Saggese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R13-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R14-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00356-1","article-title":"Celiac disease \u2013 a never-ending story?","volume":"143","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R15-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1408-94","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral deficiency in children newly diagnosed with celiac disease","volume":"45","author":"Erdem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"R16-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003510","article-title":"Early-life vitamin D deficiency and childhood-onset coeliac disease","volume":"17","author":"Tanpowpong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"R17-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200310000-00007","article-title":"Bone mineral density in children with untreated and treated celiac disease","volume":"37","author":"Kavak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R18-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0624-0","article-title":"Bone in celiac disease","volume":"19","author":"Bianchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"R19-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602323","article-title":"Bone mineral density in children with celiac disease. Effect of a gluten free diet","volume":"60","author":"Tau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R20-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.849383","article-title":"Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease","volume":"45","author":"Caruso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R21-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.078","article-title":"Complementary serologic investigations in children with celiac disease is unnecessary during follow-up","volume":"169","author":"Wessels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R22-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.79","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"108","author":"Rubio-Tapia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R23-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology","volume":"63","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R24-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153147","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3147","article-title":"Evidence-informed expert recommendations for the management of celiac disease in children","volume":"138","author":"Synder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R25-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0048","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a feature of pediatric celiac disease?","volume":"25","author":"Villanueva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R26-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000368","article-title":"Is it necessary to assess for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease?","volume":"59","author":"Imam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R27-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8237-8","article-title":"The clinical significance of 25OH-vitamin D in celiac disease","volume":"42","author":"Lerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R28-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825959b8","article-title":"Health supervision in the management of children and adolescents with IBD: NASPGHAN recommendations","volume":"55","author":"Rufo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R29-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182250b3e","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Pappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R30-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31826a105d","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R31-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101583","article-title":"The vitamin D status in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Veit","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R32-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.03.010","article-title":"The nondietary determinants of vitamin D status in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Veit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"R33-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1380-5","article-title":"Bone mineral density, vitamin D, and disease activity in children newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"El-Matary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R34-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3620-1","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with intestinal inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin in Crohn's disease in clinical remission","volume":"60","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R35-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.01.012","article-title":"Active Crohn's disease is associated with low vitamin D levels","volume":"7","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"R36-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615572176","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on intestinal permeability, cathelicidin and disease markers in Crohn's disease: results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"3","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"R37-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.53","article-title":"Association of vitamin D level with clinical status in inflammatory bowel disease: a 5-year longitudinal study","volume":"111","author":"Kabbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R38-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.123786","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with mucosal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"104","author":"Meckel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R39-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04355.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn's disease \u2013 a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"32","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R40-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113504002","article-title":"Pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and durability of anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"38","author":"Zator","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"R41-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114001591","article-title":"Optimal vitamin D levels in Crohn's disease: a review","volume":"74","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"R42-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3182","article-title":"Treatment of vitamin D insufficiency in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized clinical trial comparing three regimens","volume":"97","author":"Pappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R43-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.071","article-title":"25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in children with Crohn's disease supplemented with either 2000 or 400 IU daily for 6 months: a randomized controlled study","volume":"164","author":"Wingate","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R44-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000823","article-title":"Single high-dose oral vitamin D3 therapy (Stoss): a solution to vitamin D deficiency in children with inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"61","author":"Shepherd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"R45-20230918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000915","article-title":"Pilot study evaluating efficacy of 2 regimens for hypovitaminosis D repletion in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"62","author":"Simek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00008480-201702000-00020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T02:06:34Z","timestamp":1695002794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00008480-201702000-00020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mop.0000000000000451","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8703","1531-698X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8703","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-698X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}}}