{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:53:18Z","timestamp":1793893998458,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review describes recent findings about the burden of bacterial diarrhoea and its potential complications, newer diagnostics, the emerging threat of multidrug resistance, and the promise of vaccines in development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Introduction of rotavirus vaccines in over 110 countries has changed the landscape of diarrheal pathogens. In upper middle and high-income countries, the incidence of rotavirus-specific and all-cause gastroenteritis has declined substantially, and norovirus has become the major pathogen in many settings. Bacterial pathogens cause approximately 10\u201315% of episodes, most often\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Shiga toxin-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (STEC). In lower income countries, bacterial pathogens remain a major cause of medically attended diarrhoea with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      and enterotoxigenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ETEC) predominating. Multidrug-resistant strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , NTS and,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      have emerged globally requiring judicious use of antibiotics according to current guidance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Management of bacterial diarrhoea includes standard fluid and electrolyte therapy, vigilance for potential complications, and use of antibiotics for children who have moderate-severe illness due to pathogens for which efficacy has been demonstrated, or for those at high risk for severe disease. The threat of multiply resistant strains provides impetus for preventive strategies such as development of vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mop.0000000000001107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T07:52:05Z","timestamp":1644911525000},"page":"147-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Bacterial diarrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001988","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccines and healthcare utilization for diarrhea in US children, 2001 to 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