{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:05:42Z","timestamp":1792069542546,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine what foods, nutrients, and dietary patterns are associated with development of kwashiorkor in populations of vulnerable 1\u2010 to 3\u2010year\u2010old Malawian children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a prospective observational study conducted in 8 rural villages. Upon enrollment, demographic, anthropometric, and dietary intake data were collected. Children were studied every 2 weeks for 10 weeks to determine whether they developed kwashiorkor. Dietary intake was assessed on enrollment using a food frequency questionnaire, which included all possible foods in the child's diet. Food frequency data were used to estimate energy, protein, vitamins C and A, niacin, thiamin, zinc, and iron intake using food composition and serving size data. Dietary diversity was assessed with a 7\u2010point score. Regression modeling was used to determine whether the consumption of any food or nutrient was associated with the development of kwashiorkor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 43 (2.6%) of the 1651 healthy children ages 1 to 3 years enrolled developed kwashiorkor. Children who developed kwashiorkor were younger and had more nutritional wasting than those who did not. Thirty children (70%) who developed kwashiorkor were breast\u2010fed. In the combined regression model no foods or nutrients were found to be associated with the development of kwashiorkor. There were no differences in the dietary diversity between children who developed kwashiorkor and those who did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No association between the development of kwashiorkor and the consumption of any food or nutrient was found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0b013e31802c6e57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]],"date-time":"2007-03-19T08:01:10Z","timestamp":1174291270000},"page":"487-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Prospective Assessment of Food and Nutrient Intake in a Population of Malawian Children at Risk for Kwashiorkor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Carol A","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Boslaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M","family":"Ciliberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Community Health and Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Malawi Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Ashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health University of Tampere Medical School Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Briend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, D\u00e9partement Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et Sant\u00e9 Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Manary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO"},{"name":"Departments of Community Health and Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Malawi Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Children's Nutrition Research Center Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)94666-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90053-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.7.2117S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Calorie Deficiencies and Protein Deficiencies","author":"Gopalan C","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90603-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92839-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19870008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107512"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70324-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)E0131-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1993.11747622"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38427.404259.8F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2006.00053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1995.11747776"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2000.9.2.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2004.07.11.4.79.c6217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2579"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"565","article-title":"An interactive 24\u2010h recall technique for assessing the adequacy of trace mineral intakes of rural Malawian women; 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